Magnetocardiography ( MCG), a technique that measures the weak magnetic field generated by human electrophysiological activities, provides non-invasive, ionizing-radiation-free functional information.Compared with traditional structural imaging techniques, MCG can capture functional changes in the early stages of diseases, making it particularly suitable for early screening and disease progression assessment. In recent years,rapid advancements in quantum magnetic sensors, magnetic shielding, and active compensation technologies have enabled MCG to overcome the limitations of low-temperature superconductivity and magnetically shielded rooms gradually, developing in the direction of greater convenience and lower cost. However, despite its significant potential in clinical applications such as chest pain triage, coronary heart disease screening, and myocardial ischemia assessment, the clinical translation of MCG still faces challenges including insufficient specificity and lack of standardization. Furthermore, variations in equipment and signal processing methods lead to low comparability among research findings. This article reviews the development history and current application status of MCG technology, synthesizes the research progress of our team over the past three years, discusses the bottlenecks in applying MCG across different clinical settings, and proposes that future research should focus on areas such as physical mechanisms, feature interpretability, establishing quantitative relationships between diseases, and improving clinical diagnostic specificity. These efforts aim to promote the standardization of MCG, and advance its research and application in the fields of cardiology, neurology, oncology, and traditional Chinese medicine.

Objective To develop a simplified risk score model based on clinical features for the early identification of coronary artery occlusion (CAO) in patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). Methods A total of 182 patients with NSTEMI were enrolled, and divided into a CAO group ( n =91) and a non-CAO group (n = 91) based on coronary angiography findings. We collected clinical data including history of myocardial infarction or cerebral infarction, hypotension, heart failure, segmental wall motion abnormalities indicated by echocardiography, acute mitral regurgitation, persistent chest pain, and chest pain refractory to optimal medical therapy. Chi-square tests were used to analyze intergroup differences, and Logistic regression analysis was applied to assess the predictive value of the above features for CAO. Variables with predictive significance were assigned scores approximating their regression coefficients in the Logistic regression model if positive, or 0 if negative. The simplified risk score was derived by summing the scores of all variables. The diagnostic cut-off value of the score was determined using ROC curve analysis, and the predictive performance of the model for NSTEMI with CAO was evaluated. Results Patients in the CAO group were significantly younger than those in the non-CAO group (P<0. 05). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of sex, advanced age, diabetes, hypertension, or smoking history (all P>0. 05). Compared with the non-CAO group, the CAO group had significantly higher proportions of patients with hypotension, heart failure,segmental wall motion abnormalities, persistent chest pain, and chest pain refractory to optimal medical therapy (all P < 0. 05). Logistic regression analysis identified hypotension, heart failure, segmental wall motion abnormalities, persistent chest pain, and chest pain refractory to optimal medical therapy as significant predictors of CAO (all P<0. 05). ROC curve analysis showed that the simplified risk score model had an AUC value of 0. 819(95%CI 0. 757 - 0. 881), with an optimal cut-off value of 3. 1 points, yielding a sensitivity of 72. 5% and a specificity of 81. 3%. Conclusion A simplified risk score model based on clinical features—including hypotension, heart failure, segmental wall motion abnormalities, persistent chest pain, and chest pain refractory to optimal medical therapy—could accurately identify those with CAO among NSTEMI patients.

Objective To compare the electrode parameters of left bundle branch area pacing (LBBAP) and right ventricular septum pacing (RVSP) at different time points, providing references for optimizing the LBBAP procedure. Methods A total of 98 patients undergoing pacemaker implantation were selected, and divided into an LBBAP group (61 cases) and an RVSP group (37 cases) based on the ventricular electrode implantation method.The pacing impedance, threshold, sensing amplitude, current of injury, and threshold compliance rate were compared between the two groups immediately after electrode placement, at 3, 6, 9 and 12 minutes after electrode placement, and before pacemaker connection. The impedance, threshold, and sensing amplitude were also compared between the two groups during the six-month follow-up. Results During the procedure and at the six month follow-up, the pacing impedance in the LBBAP group was significantly higher than that in the RVSP group (P<0. 01). The current of injury during the procedure was significantly higher in the LBBAP group than that in the RVSP group (P<0. 01), and the intraoperative pacing threshold was also higher (P<0. 01). However, there was no statistically significant difference in the threshold between the two groups at the six-month follow-up (P>0. 05).Within the first 12 minutes after electrode placement, the proportion of patients with a pacing threshold below 1. 0 V/ 0. 42 ms was lower in the LBBAP group than that in the RVSP group ( all P < 0. 01), however, this difference was not statistically significant at the time of pacemaker connection (P>0. 05). The sensing amplitude in the LBBAP group showed no statistically significant difference compared with the RVSP group at the 9th and 12th minute after electrode implantation (both P>0. 05), however it was higher in the LBBAP group than that in the RVSP group at all other time points, with statistically significant differences ( all P < 0. 05). Conclusion Significant differences exist in intraoperative electrode parameters between LBBAP and RVSP procedures,indicating the need to closely pay attention to the features of parameter changes and adopt targeted monitoring strategies during LBBAP.

Objective To investigate the effect of cardiac rehabilitation on cardiac function and systemic immune-inflammatory response in patients with acute myocardial infarction ( AMI) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods A total of 102 AMI patients were selected. After PCI, patients in the rehabilitation group (n = 51) received cardiac rehabilitation therapy in addition to standard medical treatment, while patients in the control group (n = 51) received standard medical treatment alone. Before and 3 months after the rehabilitation intervention, routine hematological parameters were measured, including white blood cell count, lymphocyte count, neutrophil count, and platelet count.The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio ( NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio(PLR), and systemic immune-inflammation index ( SII) were also calculated. Blood biochemical parameters included triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Echocardiography was used to measure left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), left ventricular end-diastolic volume ( LVEDV), and left ventricular ejection fraction ( LVEF). Lung ultrasound was performed and B-line score was calculated. Results After 3 months of intervention, levels of white blood cells,neutrophils, NLR, PLR, and SII all significantly decreased in both groups compared with pre-intervention levels(all P< 0. 05), while lymphocyte count significantly increased ( P < 0. 05); SII in the rehabilitation group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0. 001). Serum levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL-C all significantly decreased in the rehabilitation group compared with pre-intervention levels (all P<0. 01), with the rehabilitation group showing significantly lower LDL-C level than that of the control group after intervention(P < 0. 001 ). LVEDD and LVEDV both significantly decreased, while LVEF significantly increased in the rehabilitation group compared with pre-intervention values ( all P < 0. 001). After the intervention, LVEF in the rehabilitation group was significantly higher than that in the control group ( P = 0. 002 ). The B-line score significantly decreased in both groups after the intervention (P< 0. 05), with the rehabilitation group showing a significantly lower B-line score than that of the control group (P < 0. 001). Conclusion Cardiac rehabilitation could alleviate systemic immune-inflammatory response, improve cardiac function, and contribute to long-term prognostic benefits in AMI patients after PCI.

Objective To investigate the application value of transesophageal echocardiography ( TEE) in diagnosing left atrial appendage thrombus (LAAT) among patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), and to analyze the impact of echocardiographic parameters and clinical factors on the diagnosis of LAAT by TEE. Methods Clinical data of 326 AF patients who had undergone TEE examination were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into LAAT positive group ( n = 52) and negative group ( n = 274) according to TEE results. Patients' general information, AF type and duration, echocardiographic parameters, and TEE findings were recorded. Univariate analysis was performed. ROC curves were used to evaluate the predictive efficacy of left atrial appendage peak flow velocity (LAAV) and left atrial appendage area (LAAA) for LAAT. Independent influencing factors for LAAT in AF patients were identified via Logistic regression analysis. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test and decision curve analysis were employed to assess the goodness-of-fit and clinical utility of the predictive model. Results TEE detected LAAT in 52 (16. 0%) AF patients. Compared with the LAAT negative group, patients in the LAAT positive group were older, had longer AF duration, higher CHA2DS2-VASc scores, larger left atrial diameter (LAD) and LAAA,lower LAAV, and a higher proportion of persistent or permanent AF (all P<0. 05). For predicting thrombus, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0. 893 for LAAV, with an optimal cutoff value of 25. 6 cm / s, sensitivity of 82. 7%, and specificity of 84. 3%. The AUC value for LAAA was 0. 812, with an optimal cutoff value of 5. 2 cm2,sensitivity of 76. 9%, and specificity of 75. 5%. The combined prediction of LAAV and LAAA increased the AUC value to 0. 921, which was significantly higher than the predictive efficacy of LAAV or LAAA used alone (both P<0. 05). Logistic regression analysis identified longer AF duration (OR = 1. 089), decreased LAAV (OR = 0. 876),and larger LAAA (OR = 1. 626) as independent risk factors for LAAT (all P<0. 05). The Hosmer-Lemeshow test indicated good model fit ( P = 0. 587 ), and decision curve analysis confirmed its good clinical utility.Conclusion TEE is an effective tool for diagnosing LAAT in AF patients. Longer AF duration, decreased LAAV,and larger LAAA are independent risk factors for LAAT formation. The combined application of LAAV and LAAA could significantly enhance the predictive value for LAAT, and may serve as an important screening indicator inTEE examinations.

Objective To explore the diagnostic value of transesophageal electrophysiologic study (TEEPS) in paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia ( PSVT). Methods A total of 86 patients suspected with PSVT were enrolled. The results of TEEPS were compared with those of intracardiac electrophysiologic study ( IEPS). Using IEPS as the gold standard, the detection rate of TEEPS for PSVT was calculated, and its diagnostic efficacy was evaluated using the ROC curve. Results According to IEPS results, 72 cases were positive and 14 cases were negative among the 86 patients. TEEPS identified 69 true positives, 12 true negatives, 2 false positives, and 3 false negatives. Compared with the gold standard, TEEPS showed a sensitivity of 95. 83% ( 69 / 72), specificity of 85. 71% (12 / 14), accuracy rate of 94. 19% ( 81 / 86), positive predictive value of 97. 18% ( 69 / 71), and negative predictive value of 80. 00% (12 / 15). Analysis indicated a high degree of consistency between TEEPS and IEPS (P<0. 05). TEEPS diagnosed 19 cases of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, 18 cases of automatic atrial tachycardia, 18 cases of atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia, 9 cases of intra-atrial reentrant tachycardia,and 7 cases of sinus node reentrant tachycardia. Compared with IEPS results, the diagnostic consistency of TEEPS for PSVT subtypes was 73 cases, with 10 misdiagnosed and 3 missed cases, yielding a concordance rate of 84.88%. Conclusion TEEPS demonstrates high diagnostic accuracy for PSVT. It could effectively differentiate its various subtypes, and improve diagnostic efficacy, indicating its potential for clinical application.

Objective  To investigate the predictive value of frontal QRS-T angle for the severity of hypertriglyceridemic pancreatitis (HTGP). Methods  A retrospective analysis was conducted on 137 patients with HTGP. Based on the frontal QRS-T angle, these patients were divided into two groups: ≤90° group (n=82) and >90° group (n=55). Clinical data collected included patients’ clinical characteristics, electrocardiogram within 2 hours of admission, hematological parameters, biochemical indexes, serum triglyceride (TG) levels, interleukin-6 (IL-6), high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT), body mass index (BMI), etc. The follow-up endpoints were the need for ICU treatment and clinical severity grading of HTGP. Results  Compared with the ≤90° group, the >90° group had significantly higher heart rate, BMI, TG and IL-6 levels, ICU admission rate, and proportion of severe cases (all P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis identified the frontal QRS-T angle (OR=2.127, 95%CI 1.178-3.840, P=0.012) and TG level (OR=1.687, 95%CI 1.057-2.693, P=0.028) as independent risk factors for requiring ICU treatment in HTGP patients. The frontal QRS-T angle (OR=3.608, 95%CI 1.792-7.263, P<0.05) and IL-6 level (OR=5.821, 95%CI 2.280-14.865, P<0.05) were independent risk factors for clinical severity of HTGP. ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve (AUC) for predicting the need for ICU treatment was 0.765 (95%CI 0.669-0.862) for the frontal QRS-T angle and 0.710 (95%CI 0.613-0.807) for TG level. The optimal cutoff value for the frontal QRS-T angle was 70.5°(Youden index=0.505, sensitivity=86.1%, specificity=64.4%). For predicting moderately-severe to severe HTGP, the AUC value was 0.881 (95%CI 0.825-0.938) for the frontal QRS-T angle and 0.891 (95%CI 0.836-0.946) for IL-6 level, with an optimal cutoff value of 78.0°for the frontal QRS-T angle (Youden index=0.671, sensitivity=85.2%, specificity=81.9%). Conclusion  HTGP patients with a frontal QRS-T angle >90° have higher ICU admission rates and proportion of severe cases. The frontal QRS-T angle and serum IL-6 level during the early inflammatory phase could serve as predictive indicators for the clinical severity of HTGP.

Objective  To investigate the predictive value of electrocardiogram morphology-voltage-P-wave duration (MVP) score in hypertension complicated by atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods  A total of 198 hospitalized patients with hypertension were enrolled, and divided into an AF group (n=99) and a hypertension-only group (n=99) based on the presence of paroxysmal AF. Indicators such as left atrial diameter (LAD), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), LVEF, P-wave duration, P-wave voltage in lead Ⅰ, MVP score, PtfV1, RV5, and RV5+SV1 were compared between the two groups. The predictive efficacy of MVP score was analyzed using ROC curve analysis. Results  The LAD in the AF group was significantly larger than that in the hypertension-only group (P<0.001), while there were no statistically significant differences in LVEDD or LVEF between the two groups (both P>0.05). P-wave duration, positive rate of PtfV1, RV5, RV5+SV1, and MVP score were all significantly higher in the AF group, whereas the P-wave voltage in lead Ⅰ was significantly lower compared with the hypertension-only group (P<0.05). The area under the ROC curve for an MVP score≥4 points in predicting AF was 0.818, with a sensitivity of 0.838 and a specificity of 0.798. Conclusion  The MVP score is an independent predictor of AF in patients with hypertension.

Objective  To investigate the predictors of severe arrhythmia in patients with acute inferior wall myocardial infarction (IWMI) during hospitalization. Methods  A total of 82 patients with acute IWMI were enrolled, and divided into an arrhythmia group (n=28) and a non-arrhythmia group (n=54) based on the occurrence of severe arrhythmia during hospitalization. Baseline characteristics, laboratory results, electrocardiogram (ECG), and coronary angiography indexes were collected from both groups. These data included sex, age, diabetes, hypertension, smoking history, Killip classification, time from symptom onset to hospital admission, systolic blood pressure and heart rate on admission, as well as serum potassium, fasting blood glucose (FBG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), troponin I, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), Gensini score, presence of pathological Q waves, ST-segment elevation amplitude, QTc dispersion, right dominant coronary artery supply, and pre-procedural TIMI flow grade. The relationship between the above parameters and the occurrence of arrhythmia was analyzed. Results  Univariate analysis revealed no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of sex, age, comorbidities (diabetes and hypertension), smoking history, time from symptom onset to hospital admission, heart rate on admission, LDL-C level, Gensini score, pathological Q waves, ST-segment elevation amplitude, or pre-procedural TIMI flow grade (all P>0.05). However, statistically significant differences were observed in Killip classification, systolic blood pressure on admission, serum potassium, FBG, NLR, troponin I, LVEF, QTc dispersion, and right dominant coronary artery supply (all P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis identified Killip class (Ⅲ-Ⅳ), NLR≥5.0, QTc dispersion≥80 ms, and right dominant coronary artery supply as independent risk factors for severe arrhythmia (all P<0.05), while serum potassium ≥3.8 mmol/L was an independent protective factor (P<0.05). Conclusion  High Killip classification, elevated NLR, increased QTc dispersion, right dominant coronary artery supply, and low serum potassium level (<3.8 mmol/L) are strong independent predictors of severe arrhythmia in patients with acute IWMI. These factors facilitate early identification of high-risk patients and guide clinical intervention.

Objective  To explore the electrocardiographic differential diagnosis between hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy (H-LVH) and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Methods  Ninety patients with H-LVH (H-LVH group) and 60 patients with HCM (HCM group) were selected. All patients underwent surface 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) examination. The Tpeak-Tend (Tp-e) interval in limb leads and precordial leads were compared between the two groups. The minimum Tp-e interval, the maximum Tp-e interval, and corrected Tp-e interval were also compared. Electrocardiographic dispersion parameters were recorded, including QT dispersion (QTd), the maximum QT interval, and the minimum QT interval. ROC curve analysis was used to evaluate the area under the curve (AUC) for the differential diagnosis of H-LVH and HCM using Tp-e intervals in each lead. Results  Compared with the H-LVH group, the Tp-e intervals in leads Ⅰ, Ⅱ, aVR, aVF, V5, and V6 were all significantly increased in the HCM group (P<0.01). The average minimum Tp-e interval, maximum Tp-e interval, and corrected Tp-e interval were all significantly longer in the HCM group than those in the H-LVH group (P<0.01). The maximum QT interval, minimum QT interval, and QTd in the H-LVH group were all significantly lower than those in the HCM group (all P<0.05). The Tp-e interval yielded the largest AUC value in lead Ⅱ among all leads, reaching 0.83 (95%CI 0.71-0.96, P<0.01). Conclusion  The manifestations of surface 12-lead ECG are significantly different between patients with H-LVH and HCM. There are certain differences in electrocardiographic dispersion between the two diseases. The minimum Tp-e interval, maximum Tp-e interval, corrected Tp-e interval, and Tp-e interval in lead Ⅱ have high value for the differential diagnosis between H-LVH and HCM.

Objective  To investigate the diagnostic value of echocardiography combined with myocardial marker detection for dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Methods  A total of 120 patients with suspected DCM were selected, and divided into an observation group (DCM patients, n=75) and a control group (non-DCM patients, n=45) using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) as the gold standard. The detection rate of DCM by echocardiography was analyzed; echocardiographic parameters were compared between the two groups; myocardial marker levels were also compared; the diagnostic efficacy of echocardiography combined with myocardial markers for DCM was evaluated using ROC curve analysis. Results  The detection rate of DCM by echocardiography was 82.67%. Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) and left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD) in the observation group were both significantly higher than those in the control group, while left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was significantly lower (all P<0.05). The levels of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in the observation group were both significantly higher than those in the control group (both P<0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) for the combined detection of echocardiography and myocardial markers was 0.954, with a sensitivity of 94.67% and a specificity of 93.33%, which was significantly higher than that of either single detection method (P<0.05). Conclusion  Echocardiography combined with myocardial marker detection has high diagnostic value for DCM.

Objective  To investigate the risk factors for mortality in patients with perioperative stress cardiomyopathy undergoing cardiac surgery. Methods  Clinical data of 146 patients with perioperative stress cardiomyopathy undergoing cardiac surgery were retrospectively collected, including 102 patients in a survival group and 44 patients in a death group. General data, surgical types, blood indicators, complications, and cardiac function parameters were compared between the two groups. Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the risk factors for mortality in these patients. Results  Among the enrolled 146 patients with stress cardiomyopathy, the overall mortality rate was 30.14%. Statistically significant differences were observed between the survival and death groups in cardiac function classification, preoperative anxiety, preoperative use of vasoactive drugs, postoperative malignant arrhythmia, postoperative thrombosis formation and embolism, postoperative re-sternotomy, postoperative re-intubation, postoperative left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), postoperative left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), postoperative C-reactive protein (CRP), postoperative creatinine, postoperative cardiac troponin I (cTnI), postoperative creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), postoperative N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and duration of mechanical ventilation (all P<0.05). Binary Logistic regression analysis incorporating the above factors revealed that postoperative creatinine ［OR (95%CI): 1.060 (1.006-1.117), P=0.028］, postoperative NT-proBNP ［OR (95%CI): 1.003 (1.001-1.005), P=0.007］, and duration of mechanical ventilation ［OR (95%CI): 1.882 (1.140-3.107), P=0.014］ were independent risk factors for mortality in critically ill patients with perioperative stress cardiomyopathy undergoing cardiac surgery. ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve (AUC) for the combined prediction of creatinine, duration of mechanical ventilation, and NT-proBNP was 0.866 (95%CI 0.792-0.940), which was superior to any single indicator. The sensitivity of the combined detection was 0.864, and specificity was 0.269. DeLong test indicated that the AUC of the combined prediction was significantly higher than that of creatinine (Z=2.841, P=0.005), NT-proBNP (Z=3.670, P<0.001), and duration of mechanical ventilation (Z=4.920, P<0.001). Conclusion  Postoperative creatinine, NT-proBNP, and duration of mechanical ventilation are independent risk factors for mortality in patients with perioperative stress cardiomyopathy undergoing cardiac surgery. The combined detection of these three indicators has high predictive value for mortality risk.

Objective  To explore the bidirectional causal relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and gallstone disease using Mendelian randomization (MR) approach. Methods  Instrumental variables—single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)—were obtained from public Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) databases, and two-sample bidirectional MR analyses were performed mainly by the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method. MR-PRESSO test, Cochran's Q test, MR-Egger regression intercept test, and leave-one-out analysis were used for sensitivity analysis to assess the reliability and stability of the study results. Subsequently, MR analysis was repeated after adjusting for the effects of different confounding factors to validate the results. The GERD data were sourced from the IEU OpenGWAS project, comprising a total of 602 604 samples (129 080 cases and 473 524 controls). The gallstone disease data were obtained from the FinnGen Biobank, comprising a total of 214 167 samples (19 023 cases and 195 144 controls). ResultsThe results by using the IVW method indicated a causal effect of GERD on gallstone disease (OR=1.472, 95%CI: 1.326-1.634, P=3.688×10－13), and also a causal effect of gallstone disease on GERD (OR=1.048, 95%CI: 1.027-1.069, P=5.791×10－6). After adjusting for confounding factors, the results by IVW method showed that the positive association risk of GERD on gallstone disease still remained (OR=1.407, 95%CI: 1.211-1.635, P=7.948×10－6), and the positive association risk of gallstone disease on GERD also remained (OR=1.052, 95%CI: 1.029-1.075, P=3.316×10－6). The analysis results using MR-Egger regression intercept test results indicated no evidence of horizontal pleiotropy among the included instrumental variables. The results by leave-one-out analysis suggested that no single SNP that could significantly affect the results. Conclusion  MR analysis supports a bidirectional causal relationship between GERD and gallstone disease.

Objective  Based on repeatedly measured data from a public electrocardiogram (ECG) database, to compare the correction efficacy of four QT interval correction formulas—Bazett, Fridericia, Framingham, and Hodges across different heart rate levels, and to explore the necessity of individualized correction. Methods  A total of 2 151 valid heartbeats from 75 subjects were selected from the PhysioNet QT database, and stratified by heart rate (<60 beats/min, 60-100 beats/min and >100 beats/min). The corrected QT interval (QTc) was calculated using the above four formulas, and the correction efficacy of each formula within different heart rate ranges was analyzed. Results  The Fridericia (ρ=0.000 3, P=0.989) and Framingham (ρ=0.002 7, P=0.899) formula-corrected QTc showed the weakest residual correlation with heart rate. Intergroup analysis revealed no statistically significant differences in QTc after correction by using the Framingham formula among the three groups (P=0.278). The Fridericia formula showed a borderline significant difference (P=0.045). The Bazett formula exhibited significant overcorrection in the high heart rate group, with a QTc prolongation rate as high as 63.9% (QTc>450 ms) and a strong residual positive correlation with heart rate (ρ=0.357, P<0.01). The Hodges formula performed well within normal heart rate range but exhibited correction bias beyond this range. Linear mixed-effects model analysis indicated significant interindividual variability in QTc after correction with all formulas. Conclusion  The Fridericia and Framingham formulas demonstrated the lowest heart rate dependence. They could be recommended as the first clinical choice. Use of the Bazett formula should be avoided when heart rate exceeds 100 beats/min. Population-based formulas have inherent limitations. Therefore, individualized QTc correction methods are needed to improve the accuracy of QT interval assessment.

Objective  To review the research status and hotspots in the artificial intelligence (AI) application of the hypertension field over the past decade using bibliometric methods, and to provide references for future related research in the future. Methods  The Web of Science Core Collection database was used as the data source to retrieve literature published between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2024, on the application of AI in the field of hypertension. CiteSpace 6.3.R1 software was employed to conduct visual mapping analysis of annual publication volume, countries/regions, research institutions, authors, co-citation networks, and key words. Results  A total of 654 articles were included. Between 2015 and 2024, although there were fluctuations in parts of these years, the annual publication volume in the field of AI applied to hypertension showed a general upward trend, with particularly notable growth after 2020. China had the highest volume of publications, while the United States showed the highest centrality index. The Chinese Academy of Sciences was the institution with the highest publication volume. Acharya UR, Mulatero P, and Li Y were the authors with the highest publication outputs. The top three authors ranked by co-citation frequency, Kachuee M, O Brien E, and Whelton PK, made significant contribution to this field. The most frequently co-cited literature was “Cuffless blood pressure estimation algorithms for continuous health-care monitoring”. Hypertension, J Hypertens, and Circulation were the top three journals in terms of influence. Research hotspots primarily focused on the prediction and early identification of hypertension, non-invasive continuous blood pressure monitoring, diagnosis, risk assessment, and intelligent clinical decision support. Conclusion  The application of AI in the field of hypertension shows broad prospects. Future research could focus on multimodal data fusion, optimization of non-invasive continuous blood pressure monitoring technology, improvement of AI-assisted clinical decision support systems, integrated application of digital health technologies, and in-depth studies on specific hypertensive populations.

By using the dynamic graphing and trajectory tracking functions of the “Geometers Sketchpad” software, this study constructs a series of mathematical models of commonly used electrocardiogram (ECG) scatter plot. On the two-dimension (2D) graphing platform, mathematical models of time scatter plots, Lorenz scatter plots, and difference scatter plots were created; on the three-dimension (3D) graphing platform, the model of a 3D Lorenz plot was completed. The mutual transformation model between the xyz planes of 3D Lorenz scatter plot and the 2D difference scatter plot indicates that the xyz planes of 3D Lorenz scatter plot are equivalent to 2D difference scatter plot, while the xOy and yOz planes of 3D Lorenz scatter plot are 2D Lorenz scatter plot. This finding indirectly confirms the complementary relationship between 2D Lorenz plot and 2D difference scatter plot. The mathematical models of these scatter plots can not only simulate clinically recorded real ECG scatter plots with high precision, but also deduce and generate graphical representations of rare and special cases. By adjusting initial parameters of the models, the formation mechanisms of scatter plots for different types of arrhythmias can be systematically explained. The model-comparison method based on the Geometers Sketchpad transcends the traditional analytical mode that relies on intuition and experience, providing a mathematical framework for reasoning and verification in ECG scatter plot research. This method not only deepens the understanding of the underlying electrophysiological mechanisms of scatter plots and aids in establishing a holistic perspective on cardiac rhythm, but also offers a tool for re-examining known diseases and identifying new disease features from novel perspectives.

Objective  To explore the value of ABC-X model-based nursing intervention applied in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods  A total of 100 MCI patients were selected, and randomly divided into an observation group and a control group using a random number table method, with 50 cases in each group. The observation group received the ABC-X model-based nursing intervention, while the control group received conventional nursing care. The self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), self-rating depression scale (SDS), Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) scale, and 36-item short form health survey (SF-36) scores were compared between the two groups before the intervention and after 4 weeks of intervention. Results  Before the nursing intervention, there were no statistically significant differences in SAS score, SDS score, total MoCA scale score, or the average SF-36 score between the two groups (all P>0.05). After 4 weeks of intervention, the SAS and SDS scores in the observation group were both significantly lower than those in the control group (all P<0.01), while the total MoCA scale score and the average SF-36 score were both significantly higher in the observation group than those in the control group (both P<0.01). Conclusion  The application of the ABC-X model-based nursing intervention in MCI patients could effectively alleviate negative emotions, improve cognitive function, and further enhance their quality of life, thereby making it highly recommended for widespread use.

Objective  To explore the application effect of a discharge preparation service program based on the dyadic illness management and timely intervention model in stroke patients. Methods  A total of 82 stroke patients and their caregivers were selected as study subjects, and randomly divided into a control group and an intervention group, with 41 dyads in each group. The control group received routine care of Department of Neurology, while the intervention group implemented a discharge preparation service program based on the dyadic illness management and timely intervention model in addition to routine care. The family caregiver competence, patient-caregiver dependency relationship scores, and activities of daily living (ADL) scores of the patients were compared between the two groups during the early phase of hospitalization, 24 h after discharge, and at 3 and 6 months after discharge. Results  There were no statistically significant differences in baseline data between the two groups of patients and their caregivers (all P>0.05). At discharge, the family caregiver competence score in the intervention group decreased significantly compared with that in the control group (P<0.01). Regarding long-term ADL, the Barthel index (BI) scores of both groups increased significantly over time (P<0.01); the BI scores of the intervention group at 3 and 6 months after discharge were both higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). The patient-caregiver dependency relationship score in the intervention group was also better than that in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion  The dyadic illness management model can effectively improve the caregiving competence of primary caregivers of stroke patients. Through a phased and dynamically adjusted discharge preparation plan, the supportive and cooperative relationship between patients and caregivers is enhanced, thereby promoting the recovery of patients' ADL.

Objective  To explore the application value of timing theory-oriented nursing in the postoperative rehabilitation of ectopic pregnancy patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery. Methods  A total of 114 ectopic pregnancy patients who had undergone laparoscopic surgery were included, and randomly divided into a conventional group and a timing theory group using a random number table method, with 57 cases in each group. The conventional group received standard care, while the timing theory group received timing theory-oriented nursing in addition to the standard care. The rehabilitation progress, and negative emotions ［Hamilton depression scale (HAMD) and Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA)］, self-management ability ［rating scale of health self-management skill for adults (AHSMSRS)］ and health behaviors were compared between the two groups before and after the intervention. Results  Compared with the conventional group, the timing theory group showed significantly shorter time to first postoperative flatus, first ambulation, and hospital stays. Additionally, the timing theory group had significantly lower HAMD and HAMA scores, and significantly higher scores in self-management (behavior, cognition and environment) and health behaviors (diet, medication, activity, emotion and daily life). All these differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). Conclusion  Timing theory-oriented nursing could effectively alleviate negative emotions, enhance self-management ability and health behavior levels, and thereby promote rapid postoperative recovery in ectopic pregnancy patients after laparoscopic surgery.

Objective  To evaluate the effectiveness of case-based teaching method combined with problem-based learning model applied in stroke green channel teaching. Methods  A total of 50 residents undergoing standardized training in the Department of Neurology were selected, and randomly divided into two groups, each consisting of 25 residents. The control group received traditional lecture-based teaching, while the study group was taught using case-based teaching method combined with problem-based learning model. The learning outcomes and teaching satisfaction were assessed through multiple dimensions including theoretical exams, case analysis, and self-learning ability. Results  The study group demonstrated significantly better performances in clinical thinking ability, self-learning ability, team collaboration ability, and teaching satisfaction compared to the control group (P<0.05), while no significant difference was found in the mastery of theoretical knowledge between the two groups. Conclusion  Case-based teaching method combined with problem-based learning model has a significant advantage in enhancing the effectiveness of stroke green channel teaching, markedly improving students clinical thinking abilities, self-learning capabilities, and team collaboration abilities, and is widely welcomed by students. It is recommended for being promoted and applied in medical education.

With the rapid advancement of science and technology, many problems can no longer be solved by a single discipline, which is particularly evident in medical field. The integration of engineering and medicine has become increasingly important in clinical medicine. The effective combination of medicine and materials science is now a key to addressing clinical challenges and promoting medical progress. As a significant direction of engineering-medicine integration, ultrasonic materials play a vital role in clinical practice. However, several core issues remain, such as monotonous curriculum design, insufficient compatibility of training systems, and a lack of interdisciplinary thinking among students. This paper discusses from the perspectives of training models, curriculum systems, and assessment criteria, aiming to enhance the effectiveness and quality of graduate education in engineering-medicine integration, thereby contributing to the sustainable development of medicine.

Pacemaker-induced cardiomyopathy (PICM) is a serious complication characterized by progressive deterioration of left ventricular systolic function due to chronic right ventricular pacing. With the annual increase in permanent pacemaker implantations, the early identification and effective management of PICM have become key concerns in the field of cardiology. This article systematically reviews the definition, epidemiological features, pathophysiological mechanisms, risk factors, and related predictive models of PICM. Based on current evidences, it evaluates the effect and limitations of preventive and therapeutic strategies including cardiac resynchronization therapy, conduction system pacing, and biological pacing, aiming to provide insights for clinical practice.

The qualitative diagnosis of pulmonary lesions has always been a challenging problem in clinical practice, especially the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant nodules. With the rapid development of imaging techniques, percutaneous lung biopsy has become a primary method for diagnosing and differentiating pulmonary lesions. For a long time, CT guidance has been a main method for percutaneous lung biopsy. However, with the continuous advancement of imaging techniques, especially the flourishing development of ultrasonography, its application in pulmonary diseases has increased significantly. The use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has further enhanced its diagnostic value for pulmonary diseases. This article reviews the application and progress of imaging techniques such as CT, PET/CT, MRI, ultrasonography, and CEUS in percutaneous lung biopsy.

The electrocardiogram (ECG) examination, as a commonly used diagnostic tool for cardiovascular diseases, holds significant importance in clinical application. However, its interpretation relies heavily on the expertise of cardiologists. In recent years, remote ECG technology has flourished under the dual impetus of policy and technology, demonstrating immense potential in aspects such as promoting the reallocation of high-quality medical resources to grassroots areas, executing the graded diagnosis and treatment system, and enhancing both pre-hospital emergency response and out-of-hospital monitoring frameworks. Particularly, breakthroughs in artificial intelligence and the widespread adoption of wearable devices have significantly energized the application of telemetry ECG. This paper provides a systematic overview of the present state and future prospects of telemetry ECG, focusing on its clinical value and technological advancements.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most common arrhythmias in clinical practice, characterized by high disability and mortality rates, which severely impairs patients' quality of life. Thromboembolism is one of the most serious complications of AF, however, its pathogenic mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Currently, biomarkers combined with risk stratification scoring systems are commonly used in clinical practice to predict the occurrence and progression of AF-related thromboembolism. This article reviews the latest research advances in novel risk factors for thrombosis formation in AF patients, including new inflammatory indicators, gene polymorphism, and obstructive sleep apnea.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic and relapsing inflammatory bowel disease. In recent years, numerous studies suggest that the dysbiosis of gut microbiota may be closely associated with the onset and progression of UC. Multi-omics analyses indicate that microbial dysbiosis may synergize with pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby aggravating the disease. Currently, the interaction mechanisms between the gut microbiota and inflammatory factors are increasingly becoming a focal research direction for elucidating the pathological mechanisms of UC and developing novel therapeutic strategies. This review focuses on the research advances in the mechanism of interaction between gut microbiota and inflammatory factors in UC, from perspectives of the expression and regulatory characteristics of UC inflammatory factors, the regulation of inflammatory factors by microbial metabolites, the gut microbiota-inflammatory factor interaction network, and UC treatment strategies. It aims to provide a translational theoretical basis for the discovery of biomarkers and the development of personalized treatment.

Objective  To explore the predictive value of the platelet-to-albumin ratio (PAR) and the fibrinogen-to-albumin ratio (FAR) for in-hospital new-onset atrial fibrillation (NOAF) in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods  Through a systematic literature review of Chinese and English databases, studies investigating the association of PAR and FAR with NOAF following AMI were retrieved, summarized, and analyzed. Results  Current evidences indicate that PAR and FAR are composite indicators reflecting inflammatory and coagulation status. Multiple retrospective studies suggest that elevated PAR and FAR are significantly associated with an increased risk of NOAF in AMI patients, and may improve the predictive performance of traditional risk models. Conclusion  As easily accessible biomarkers, PAR and FAR show potential application prospects in predicting NOAF after AMI. However, their independent predictive value requires further validation through large-scale prospective studies.

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is characterized by complex pathological mechanisms and high clinical heterogeneity. Its prevalence has been increasing annually, which aggravates the global health burden, and it has recently emerged as one of the research hotspots in the cardiovascular field. The diagnosis of HFpEF remains challenging and involves considerable uncertainty. Currently, besides traditional clinical diagnostic methods, clinical diagnostic models developed both domestically and internationally have achieved certain progress in the diagnosis of HFpEF. These models have shown promising potential in the early diagnosis of HFpEF and have improved diagnostic accuracy. This article reviews the latest research advances in HFpEF diagnosis, summarizes the current clinical challenges, and provides an outlook on future development directions, aiming to offer a reference for clinical practice and research in this field.