Abstract: Highdensity mapping is a new technique coming out in recent years, which is based on three-dimensional electroanatomical mapping and multielectrode mapping. It is faster and more effective in diagnosing and treating arrhythmias including atrial fibrillation, atrial tachycardia and ventricular tachycardia than the previous techniques. Meanwhile, this technique also provides a new perspective of understanding the electrophysiological mechanism of these arrhythmias. This review intends to briefly introduce the present situation and future development of highdensity mapping technique.
[1] Lin T,Rillig A,Bucur T,et al.Focal impulse and rotor modulation using the novel 64electrode basket catheter: electrogram characteristics of human rotors[J]. Europace,2015,17(12):1791-1797.[2] Sanders P,Hocini M,Jas P,et al.Characterization of focal atrial tachycardia using highdensity mapping[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2005,46(11): 2088-2099.[3] Jas P,Sanders P,Hsu LF,et al.Flutter localized to the anterior left atrium after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation[J]. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol,2006,17(3): 279-285.[4] Patel AM,dAvila A,Neuzil P,et al.Atrial tachycardia after ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation: identification of the critical isthmus with a combination of multielectrode activation mapping and targeted entrainment mapping[J]. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol,2008,1(1): 14-22.[5] Mantziari L,Butcher C,Kontogeorgis A,et al.Utility of a novel rapid highresolution mapping system in the catheter ablation of arrhythmias:an initial human experience of mapping the atria and the left ventricle[J].JACC:Clin Electrophysiol,2015,1(5): 411-420.[6] Luther V,Sikkel M,Bennett N,et al.Visualizing localized reentry with ultrahigh density mapping in iatrogenic atrial tachycardia: beware pseudoreentry[J]. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol,2017,10(4).[7] Miller JM,Kalra V,Das MK,et al.Clinical benefit of ablating localized sources for human atrial fibrillation: the Indiana University FIRM Registry[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2017,69(10):1247-1256.[8] Mohanty S,Gianni C,Mohanty P,et al.Impact of rotor ablation in nonparoxysmal atrial fibrillation patients: results from the randomized OASIS Trial[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2016,68(3): 274-282.[9] Daoud EG,Zeidan Z,Hummel JD,et al.Identification of repetitive activation patterns using novel computational analysis of multielectrode recordings during atrial fibrillation and flutter in humans[J]. JACC: Clin Electrophysiol,2017,3(3):207-216. [10] Anter E,Tschabrunn CM,Josephson ME.Highresolution mapping of scarrelated atrial arrhythmias using smaller electrodes with closer interelectrode spacing[J]. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol,2015,8(3): 537-545.[11] Della Bella P,Pappalardo A,Riva S,et al.Noncontact mapping to guide catheter ablation of untolerated ventricular tachycardia[J]. Eur Heart J,2002,23(9):742-752.[12] Maury P,Duparc A,Capellino S,et al.Highdensity biventricular activation mapping during intraseptal ventricular tachycardia: successful ablation using bipolar radio frequency[J]. JACC: Clin Electrophysiol,2016,2(4): 526-528. [13] Jas P,Maury P,Khairy P,et al.Elimination of local abnormal ventricular activities: a new end point for substrate modification in patients with scarrelated ventricular tachycardia[J]. Circulation,2012,125(18):2184-2196.[14] Berte B,Relan J,Sacher F,et al.Impact of electrode type on mapping of scarrelated VT[J]. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol,2015,26(11):1213-1223.[15] Hooks DA,Berte B,Yamashita S,et al.New strategies for ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation ablation[J]. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther,2015,13(3): 263-276.