Growing within the environment of Enlightenment rationality and religious morality, Karl Marx shaped his early antipoverty thought from his political criticism of social reality. The generation and development process of this thought was characterized with practical views and humanistic care for the poor. Marx was deeply influenced by Hegels national rationalism during the initial formation of his world outlook, but the conflict between the reality of poverty at the bottom of society and national rationality became a turning point in his previous world outlook. In his study of poverty, Marx realized the “illusory” nature of Hegels national rationalism. His thinking of “material interests” made him finally give up national rationalism and gradually turn to materialism and communism. Studying the evolution of his early antipoverty thoughts can not only reproduce the overall development of Marxs worldview and political stance in his time, but also provide a clear picture of how he surpassed the ideological barriers of his predecessors. Meanwhile, only by exploring the clues of materialism and communism in the evolution of Marxs early antipoverty thought can we finally clarify the complex relationship between the evolution of his antipoverty thought and the change in his world outlook.