Journal of Jiangsu University(Natural Science Eidtion)

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Journal of Jiangsu University(Natural Science Eidtion)

	2024 Vol.45 Issue.4 Published 2024-07-10

	373	Chaotic characteristics of mixed traffic flow integrated with intelligent connected vehicle
		LIANG Jun1, YANG Hang1, REN Binbin1, CHEN Xiaobo2, CHEN Long1, YANG Xiangfeng3
		To investigate the chaotic characteristics of mixed traffic flow and discern the factors influencing the degree of chaos in mixed traffic platoons, the Cao method and the improved Cao method were employed based on the traditional traffic flow theory to determine the delay time and embedding dimension of the mixed traffic flow. The phase space of mixed traffic flow sequences was reconstructed to determine the chaotic characteristics by calculating the maximum Lyapunov exponent. The influential parameters of the proportion of intelligent connected vehicle (ICV) using cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) and the delay time in mixed traffic flow were analyzed. The results show that when the maximum Lyapunov exponent of the headway sequence during the car-following process is less than zero, chaos exists in the mixed traffic flow. Increasing the proportion of CACC vehicles can mitigate chaos in certain time intervals. The car-following system tends to be stable when the proportion of CACC vehicles reaches 0.6. The delay time of CACC vehicles significantly affects chaos, and maintaining low communication delays is essential for CACC vehicles to effectively suppress chaos.
		2024 Vol. 45 (4): 373-380 [Abstract] ( 7 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2211KB] ( 51 )

	381	Ramp anti-slip strategy of pure electric loader
		HU Longyu1, JI Shaobo1, LYU Chengju2, LIU Zhenge3, ZHANG Ke1
		According to the transmission system characteristics of pure electric loader, the ramp anti-slip control strategy was developed based on the operating parameters of loader and the torque and speed uploaded by the walking motor controller to the vehicle controller. By the vehicle controller, the conditions for the pure electric loader to enter the anti-slip mode was determined, and the proportional-integral（PI） algorithm was used to calculate the target torque delivered to the walking motor controller during the anti-slip mode for making the loader stable on the slope without pedal action. Based on Simulink, the ramp anti-slip control algorithm model of pure electric loader was established. By the Simulink automatic code generation technology, the vehicle controller programs were generated to conduct test verification and parameter optimization. The sliding distance of loader in slope parking and slope starting stage was used to measure the ramp anti-slip effect. The results show that the proposed ramp anti-slip strategy can effectively realize the standing slope on each slope. The maximum sliding distance is 8.0 cm when the loader stops on the slope at 30% slope, and the maximum sliding distance is 4.0 cm when the loader starts on the slope, which can meet the requirements for safe parking on slope.
		2024 Vol. 45 (4): 381-386 [Abstract] ( 4 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1894KB] ( 50 )

	387	Control strategy of unsignalized T-intersection in heterogeneous traffic flow environment
		LYU Yuejing1,2, WU Yao1, ZHANG Mengmeng3, ZHANG Hong4, ZHANG Zhiwei2
		For the T-type intersections without signal control, a hierarchical speed limit control model of intersections in heterogeneous traffic flow environment was proposed. According to the vehicle characteristics of heterogeneous traffic flow, the concept of graded speed limit was introduced, and the vehicle information matrix of intersections was established. A linear programming model was constructed with the shortest time of traffic passing through the conflict area as optimization objective and the time interval for ensuring the safe driving of conflict vehicles as constraint condition. The proposed model was verified by the experiments on the simulation platform built by MATLAB. The results show that in the mixed traffic environment, when the vehicle arrival rate is 0.30-0.50, the proposed model can increase the intersection capacity by about 20% on the basis of the traditional control model. When the penetration rate of intelligent connected vehicles reaches 0.90, the traffic capacity of the intersection can be increased by about 17%. The proposed model can effectively improve the utilization efficiency of road resources and greatly reduce the delay of branch vehicles with ensuring the smooth operation of the main road.
		2024 Vol. 45 (4): 387-395 [Abstract] ( 3 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 0KB] ( 32 )

	396	Closed-loop layered control strategy of front wheel angle for automatic parking system
		MA Shidian1, HOU Tong1, JIANG Haobin1,2, HAN Mou3, LI Chenxu2
		To improve the anti-disturbance capability of controller in automatic parking system and optimize the execution effect of control law, the closed-loop layered controller of front wheel angle was designed. The non-smooth control law based on the fal function was designed with driving distance as non-time reference to output the target front wheel angle. The front wheel angle observer was designed based on the Ackerman steering model, and the fuzzy sliding mode controller was used to implement closed-loop lateral control. The Carsim/Simulink co-simulation was built to verify the feasibility, tracking effect and robustness of the designed controller by simulating typical parking scenarios. A real vehicle test platform was used for testing. The results show that the closed-loop layered controller of front wheel angle can quickly and accurately track the target path, improve the lateral control accuracy of the parking system and ensure the tracking control effect under unknown steering nonlinear disturbances.
		2024 Vol. 45 (4): 396-403 [Abstract] ( 3 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3153KB] ( 46 )

	404	Response characteristics of LED car lamps driven by thermoelectric generator and energy storage components
		WANG Jing1, CHEN Yongqiang1,2, LIU Yanjun1, ZHU Tao1, LI Xiaohua1
		A waste heat recovery system with thermoelectric generation was constructed to convert waste heat into electrical energy for powering light emitting diodes（LED）car lamps and enhancing the efficient utilization of low-grade energy. The response characteristics of the waste heat recovery system during different stages of energy conversion and LED car lamp operation were examined with the constant temperature heating furnace to replicate the heat source. The variations in light output characteristics of LED car lamps independently driven by energy storage components were investigated in practical scenarios. The results show that the energy storage component can efficiently store and recover electric energy from waste heat, operate an LED car lamp independently and mitigate voltage fluctuations resulting from temperature changes. The energy density of lithium batteries is high with storing substantial electric energy. The fast cold start speeds can be realized with extended lighting duration when the LED car lamps are drived independently, but the charging time is longer. The cold start speeds of supercapacitors are sluggish with rapid charging and discharging rates, which is helpful to alleviate the driving voltage fluctuation of LED car lamp when the waste heat recovery system is activated briefly.
		2024 Vol. 45 (4): 404-410 [Abstract] ( 3 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2825KB] ( 44 )

	411	Experiment of injection strategy effect on RCCI combustion
		LI Yulan1，2, WANG Qian1, XIANG Yingjie1, LIU Xu1, CAO Lixuan1
		To analyze the effects of fuel injection strategies on the ignition performance and combustion performance of reactivity controlled compression ignition（RCCI）combustion, the experimental investigation was carried out with gasoline and diesel/hydrocatalytic biodiesel（HCB） in an optical engine. The results show that diesel/gasoline RCCI combustion requires higher inlet temperature and higher ignition delay than HCB/gasoline combustion. With the increasing of inlet temperature, the combustion phase is advanced, and the ignition delay is decreased. When the proportion of diesel oil in the total energy of the fuel cycle is increased from 30% to 40%, the pressure in cylinder is increased, and the influence of inlet temperature on combustion is decreased. In the HCB/gasoline RCCI combustion model, the sensitivity of inlet temperature to the combustion process is decreased when the injection time of HCB is delayed from -30.0° to -20.0° of the crankshaft angle after the intake top dead center. In the optical engine test, the higher inlet temperature is conducive to achieve stable RCCI combustion. When the inlet temperature is lower than 30 ℃, stable ignition combustion can be achieved by delaying the injection time of high active fuel or increasing the proportion of high active fuel to control the combustion phase.
		2024 Vol. 45 (4): 411-416 [Abstract] ( 3 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 4135KB] ( 35 )

	417	Optimization of automatic navigation control system of unmanned working ship
		QIN Yun， ZHANG Chengcheng
		To improve the data detection accuracy of low-cost sensors in the original navigation system and the control effect of ship trajectory tracking, the data fusion algorithm was introduced to propose a new trajectory tracking algorithm. The multiple coordinate transformations of ship hull were conducted, and two Kalman filters were used to fuse more accurate ship heading angle, coordinates and velocity. The control algorithm based on eliminating trajectory velocity deviation and heading angle deviation was proposed. The traditional PID controller was designed as cascade control system with PI controller and differential controller. The differential variables in the inner loop were precisely detected and transmitted by the existing accelerometers and gyroscopes to eliminate the adjusting differential parameters for achieving good control results of systems with low detection accuracy. The each required output of the two vessels on the ship was calculated to improve the effect of trajectory tracking. The multiple cruise tests of unmanned working ship were conducted on the experimental platform with real-time monitoring the ship status data and operating trajectory through upper computer，and the overall optimized trajectory tracking effect was analyzed. The results show that the heading angle, positioning and velocity fused by the Kalman filter have smaller data variance and are closer to ideal values. For the control algorithm， the overshoot of the system does not exceed 3%, and the response speed is fast enough with the steady-state error of about zero. After optimization，the success rate of the straight section for trajectory tracking is increased from 80% to 95%, and the success rate of the turning section is increased from 60% to 90%. The maximum average yaw distance of the straight section after optimization is decreased from 0.83 m to 0.12 m, and the maximum average yaw distance of the turning section is decreased from 1.25 m to 0.22 m. After turning, the average adjustment distance of 0.95 meters is required to enter the straight state, and the tracking effects of straight and turning sections are significantly improved.
		2024 Vol. 45 (4): 417-425 [Abstract] ( 4 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 5046KB] ( 37 )

	426	A grain moisture detection method based on ESP32-CSI
		GAO Xiangshang1, YANG Weidong1,2,3, SHEN Erbo1
		To realize fast and accurate measurement of grain moisture with low cost, the miniaturized channel state information (CSI) acquisition equipment was used for grain moisture detection. Two feature selection algorithms of random forest and principal component analysis were adopted to extract the feature subcarriers of the CSI amplitude index, and the ten kinds of grain moisture were classified based on the selected feature subcarriers. Considering that the application in the mobility scene was limited by power consumption and arithmetic power, the breadth learning system with simple structure, fast operation speed and low arithmetic power requirement was selected for processing CSI data and was compared with the traditional convolutional neural network(CNN) in terms of accuracy and training time. The enhancement nodes of the broad learning system (BLS) were dynamically increased. The experimental results show that the principal component analysis(PCA) algorithm maximally eliminates the redundant information in the CSI data. Compared with the CNN, the BLS can achieve faster speed and better accuracy. Therefore, the PCA-BLS combination achieves the best classification results. Increasing the number of enhancement nodes can increase the training time, but the recognition accuracy is improved to some extent.
		2024 Vol. 45 (4): 426-433 [Abstract] ( 5 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 10020KB] ( 38 )

	434	Cooperative tracking of multiple maneuvering targets based on AIMM-PF
		ZHANG Zhou1， LIANG Jun1， ZHANG Zhihao1， CHEN Xiaobo2， CHEN Long1， WEI Wenquan3， LI Hui3
		To solve the problem that conventional linear Kalman filtering was increasingly unable to meet the demand of multi-motorized target tracking accuracy, a cooperative tracking method based on adaptive multi-model particle filtering was proposed. The host vehicle and the cooperative vehicle respectively executed the adaptive interactive multi model particle filter (AIMM-PF) algorithm to obtain the motion states of the target vehicles in the environment. By the cooperative vehicle, the tracked target state was sent to the host vehicle through vehicle-to-vehicle communication. The data association and data fusion techniques based on the Hungarian algorithm and the fast covariance crossover algorithm were utilized to achieve cooperative tracking of multiple maneuvering targets. The V2V communication, radar and localization simulation system were built to sense and track seven target vehicles within 200 meters range with two intelligent vehicles as the host vehicle and the cooperative vehicle, and the simulation experiments were completed. The results show that compared with the traditional single-vehicle tracking, by the cooperative tracking, the sensing range is expanded, and the tracking error is reduced by 31.1% without affecting the tracking efficiency.
		2024 Vol. 45 (4): 434-440 [Abstract] ( 4 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2107KB] ( 47 )

	441	Road scene pedestrian detection based on detection-enhanced YOLOv3-tiny
		TIAN Liang1, 2， JIN Jide1,2， ZHENG Qingxiang1,2
		To provide drivers with real-time and accurate pedestrian information and reduce traffic accidents, the detection of enhanced YOLOv3-tiny (DOEYT) pedestrian detection algorithm was proposed. The robust feature extraction network was established, and the asymmetric max-pooling was used for down sampling to prevent the loss of lateral pedestrian features due to the increased receptive field. Hardswish was employed as activation function for the convolutional layers to optimize network performance, and the global context (GC) self-attention mechanism was used to capture holistic feature information. In the classification and regression network, the three-scale detection strategy was adopted to improve the accuracy of small-scale pedestrian target detection. The k-means++ algorithm was used to regenerate dataset anchor boxes for enhancing network convergence speed. The pedestrian detection dataset was constructed and divided into training and testing sets to evaluate DOEYT performance. The results show that by the asymmetric max-pooling, Hardswish function and GC self-attention mechanism, AP values are increased by 14.4%, 7.9% and 10.8%, respectively. On the testing set, DOEYT achieves average precision of 91.2% and detection speed of 103 frames per second, which demonstrates that the proposed algorithm can quickly and accurately detect pedestrians for reducing the risk of traffic accidents.
		2024 Vol. 45 (4): 441-448 [Abstract] ( 2 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 5936KB] ( 45 )

	449	Surface defect detection simulation of malleable iron based on convolutional neural network
		BAI Jie, JIANG Xianliang
		To solve the problems that the existing detection algorithm of HRNetV2p could not balance the detection accuracy of defects at various scales, the feature fusion module combined with channel attention mechanism was introduced into the detection algorithm of HRNetV2p, which could adaptively adjust the ratio of spatial-semantic information in the fusion features and could improve the network ability to preserve semantic information in shallow features. The surface defect detection dataset of IIDD for malleable iron was established for data labelling and data statistics. The CG dense skip transmission unit and the CG adaptive fusion module were introduced into the HRNetV2p network for adaptively adjusting the spatial-semantic information ratio of the front-layer features through three operations of integration, recalibration and reintegration. The experimental setup and evaluation index were given, and the performance experiments of the improved HRNetV2p algorithm on the malleable iron surface defect dataset of IIDD were completed. The results show that the average detection accuracy AP50 of the improved HRNetV2p algorithm on IIDD is 91.3%, which is 2.6% higher than the average detection accuracy of the original HRNetV2p. The detection accuracies of large, medium and small scale defects are improved by 2.7%, 2.7% and 5.6%, respectively.
		2024 Vol. 45 (4): 449-455 [Abstract] ( 3 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 31708KB] ( 45 )

	456	Modeling and performance analysis of indoor PDR based on multi-model fusion
		DING Fei1,2, ZHU Yue1,2, AI Chengwan1,2, SUN Jin1,2, ZHANG Dengyin1,2
		To solve the problem that the pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) indoor signals were susceptible to interference from environment and multipath effects, the optimal indoor PDR modelling method based on multi-model fusion was proposed. The system model of the multi-model fusion indoor PDR modelling approach was given with four key stages of step detection, step length projection, direction projection and position projection. In the step detection stage, the peak detection algorithm, local maximum algorithm and advance over zero detection algorithm were integrated, and in the step projection stage, the Weinberg method and Kim method were integrated. The Kalman filter algorithm was used to correct the errors of step detection and step projection. The comparison with traditional algorithms in terms of step number, step length, direction and position errors in different scenarios was completed. The results show that the fused model combines the feature recognition results of traditional step detection and step length estimation algorithms, which can realize the optimization of signal characteristics in the process of step detection and step length estimation. In the handheld scene, the step detection is accurate, and the step length estimation median error range is 0.060 m or less with the minimum direction estimation average absolute error of 3.06° and the position estimation average error of 0.235 3 m, which achieves good indoor walking status recognition and position estimation performance.
		2024 Vol. 45 (4): 456-463 [Abstract] ( 5 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 8878KB] ( 38 )

	464	Effects of V-cavity asymmetry and distribution on flow boiling characteristics in microchannel
		WANG Yinghui, ZHANG Xing, GONG Ying, WANG Yao
		VOF model and user-defined function were applied to simulate the flow boiling process of water in microchannel with V-cavities. The effects of V-cavity asymmetry (ε) and distribution on the bubble growth and detachment and the transition of gas-liquid two-phase flow in microchannel were analyzed. The results show that the magnitude of the V-cavity asymmetry can change the bubble detachment diameter and detachment time. The bubble detachment diameter of the V-cavity with asymmetry ε of 1.0 is 0.063 mm and 0.025 mm smaller than that of the V-cavity with ε of 0 and ε of 0.5, and the bubble detachment time is shortened by 5.20 ms and 2.40 ms, respectively. The transition of gas-liquid two-phase flow from bubbly flow to confined bubble flow is 2.7 mm backward along the flow direction, and the occupied area of the segment annular flow in microchannel is reduced slightly. When the V-cavity with ε of 1.0 has different distribution along the flow direction, the gas-liquid two-phase flow in microchannel presents different characteristics. The V-cavity with increasingly dense distribution can better inhibit the coalescence of bubbles in microchannel without segment annular flow, which can ensure the existence of liquid film near the wall to avoid the local drying for improving the stability and reliability of flow boiling heat transfer in microchannel.
		2024 Vol. 45 (4): 464-469 [Abstract] ( 3 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2723KB] ( 37 )

	470	Forecasting method of air conditioning load based on multi-objective regression
		CONG Lin， ZHANG Yong
		For the air conditioning with secondary pump variable flow system, considering the regional cooling situation, the multi-objective regression method was used to solve the load forecasting problem for improving the accuracy of load forecasting. For the central air conditioning, two multi-objective regression load forecasting models of multi-objective support vector regression（SVR） and multi-objective long short-term memory（LSTM）neural network were proposed. The two models were used to train and predict on the data of the secondary pump variable flow system of the hospital in Shanghai, and the results were compared with those of the single objective regression prediction model. The results show that the prediction accuracies of the two multi-objective prediction models are higher than that of the single objective regression prediction model, and the multi-objective SVR load forecasting model has higher prediction accuracy than the multi-objective LSTM load forecasting model.
		2024 Vol. 45 (4): 470-475 [Abstract] ( 5 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2383KB] ( 43 )

	476	Compressive properties of mixture concrete based on iron tailings
		ZHANG Yannian, LYU Ming, CHEN Hao, LI Zhijun, SUN Houqi
		To realize the resource utilization of solid waste of iron tailings, steel slag and phosphorus slag, reduce the amount of cement and reduce the adverse impact of iron tailings powder as admixture on concrete, three admixtures of phosphorus slag powder, desulfurization ash powder and steel slag powder were introduced based on high-silicon iron tailings powder. The compressive properties of iron tailing powder-phosphorus slag powder-desulfurization ash powder (IPD), iron tailing powder-phosphorus slag powder-steel slag powder(IPS) and iron tailing powder-steel slag powder-desulfurization ash powder(ISD) concretes were investigated. Mercury injection test and backscattered electron were used to test and analyze the internal pores and interfacial transition zone of concrete. The results show that the 28-day compressive strengthes of IPD system, IPS system and ISD system respectively reach 80.1%, 92.4% and 82.5% of that of pure cement concrete, and the interfacial transition zone between aggregate and cement is more dense after the addition of the admixture with reduced porosity to different degrees. The filling effect of the admixture is well exerted, and the adverse influence of internal porosity on concrete is alleviated.
		2024 Vol. 45 (4): 476-481 [Abstract] ( 2 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3731KB] ( 51 )

	482	Settlement calculation of stone columns-improved composite foundation based on secant modulus
		LI Chuanxun, LIU Cong
		The stress-strain relationship of soils under confining conditions is hyperbolic. In this case, secant modulus can be adopted to calculate the vertical strain of soils, which is helpful to realize the settlement calculation. The secant modulus of the soil around stone columns was determined according to the relationship between the secant modulus and the compression index and compression modulus. The column-soil stress ratio considering the nonlinear compressibility of soils was proposed based on the assumption of equal strain, and the improved stress correction method and composite modulus method for nonlinear settlement calculation of composite foundations with stone columns were further provided. The two improved methods for the settlement calculation were verified by the model test and actual project. The results show that for the laboratory model test, the differences between the measured results and the calculated results by the improved composite modulus method and modified stress correction method are less than 1.00 mm, which indicates that the improved method for settlement calculation is reliable. For the actual project, the error between the improved composite modulus method and the measured results is 8.70%, which is less than the specified error of 55.06% by the composite modulus method in the JGJ 79—2012 . The error between the improved stress correction method and the measured results is 8.73%, which is less than the specified error of 55.11% by the stress correction method in the JGJ 79—2012. The comparative analysis shows that the improved settlement calculation method is better than the composite modulus method and stress correction method in the JGJ 79—2012, and the calculated results by the improved method are closer to the measurement results, which indicates that the improved method has better reliability and applicability.
		2024 Vol. 45 (4): 482-489 [Abstract] ( 4 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1674KB] ( 49 )

	490	Preparation and properties of Ag/AgCl reference electrode modified by polydopamine
		ZHANG Xiliang1, SU Xiaoqing1, CHEN Cheng1, XU Yunfeng1,2
		To realize the on-line detection of pH value of heterogeneous systems and provide stable reference potential, the polydopamine modified Ag/AgCl solid film reference electrode was developed by magnetron sputtering deposition of silver film and chlorination of NaClO solution to obtain AgCl layer and dopamine deposition modification film. The stability, reversibility and cyclic voltammetry characteristics of polydopamine modified electrodes with deposition times of 4, 8, 12 and 16 h were compared in phosphate buffered saline（PBS） solution. The results show that the standard deviation of response potential of reference electrode in PBS solution is about 1.00 mV. It can recover to relatively stable potential in different pH buffer solutions, and the deviation of the reference electrode is less than 5.00 mV with good reversibility. The response potential drift is small in 50 cyclic voltammetry tests. According to the sensitivity of the reference electrode ranging from 2.00 to 2.50 mV/pCl, the polydopamine modified electrode is not sensitive to chloride ion concentration, which confirms that the polydopamine modified reference electrode is feasible. The reference electrode with deposition time of 12 h has the best comprehensive performance in various tests. The application tests illuminate that the reference electrode is more suitable for the detection of pH of cultivation substrate.
		2024 Vol. 45 (4): 490-496 [Abstract] ( 3 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2624KB] ( 42 )

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