Developing the consciousness of the Chinese national community is a must for the rejuvenation of Chinese nation and of realistic significance to maintaining national and ethnic union. However, it is faced with many problems and challenges, such as increasing conflicts involving ethnic factors, academic doubts on ethnic policies, challenges from domestic ethnic and regional separatist forces, and threats and challenges from outside China. The main causes of these problems and challenges are the narrow ethnic consciousness and its resulting split thought, the imperfect theoretical construction of the Chinese national community, the insufficient investment in the construction of the Chinese national community, and the influence of hostile western forces and multiculturalism. Therefore, we should take such countermeasures as upholding the leadership of the Party, constructing the theoretical system of the Chinese national community, deepening the publicity and education of ethnic unity and progress, accelerating the overall economic and social development of ethnic areas, and raising the level of the rule of law in work concerning minorities.