Since the founding of the Peoples Republic of China, the grain policy has been constantly adjusted and evolved according to the realistic contradiction of different stages, and it sevolution can be regard as the change in the demand of government system. The grain policies varied with time in China. These different policies reflected the relationship between peasant income and grain production in different periods. From the perspective of the dual objectives of aiming at increasing grain production and peasant income, the policie sat the time of supply shortage aimed at increasing grain production as the main objective and at the time of sufficient supply, the policies mainly aimed at maintaining production and increasing peasant income. During the evolution of Chinas grain policy, there is an internal logic behind the three main objectives of increasing grain production, peasant income growth , and the coordination of grain production increase and peasant income growth. Therefore，suggestions are put forward for improving Chinese grain policy through favorable policies, technological advance, protection of arable land and coordinating domestic and foreign markets so as to safeguard national grain security and increase both grain production and peasant income.