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Journal of Jiangsu University(Natural Science Eidtion)

	2011 Vol.32 Issue.1 Published 2011-01-10

	Article

Article

	1	GC fingerprint and cluster analysis of supercritical CO2 extracts from propolis
		MA Haile, LI Qian, ZHAO Jiewen, LUO Lin, HE Ronghai, WANG Zhenbin
		Supercritical CO2 extracts of propolis (SEP) is the third generation of propolis products. The aim of this study was to establish the fingerprint of SEP with the method of gas chromatography (GC) to control the quality of propolis products. The 16 propolis samples were collected from 9 provinces of China as follows: Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan and Shandong. The chromatograms obtained from the 16 SEPs include nine common peaks. Their atlas information makes up of the SEP fingerprints. Compared with the control map, the similarities are greater than 0.8. Methodological study results show that the RSD values in five major peaks of retention time are less than 0.8％ in the test precision, reproducibility and stability. The fingerprint of SEP include all of the representative propolis in China. Cluster analysis show that the SEP feature ingredients in Hainan, Hebei and Shandong provinces are similar, those of Hubei and Yunnan provinces are similar, those of Hunan province have their own characteristics, and the cluster analysis features of Henan, Heilongjiang and Sichuan provinces are not distinctive.
		2011 Vol. 32 (1): 1-5 [Abstract] ( 1365 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1678KB] ( 2142 )

	6	Effective factors on timothy hay creep properties when compressed to high density
		WANG Guanghui, WANG Decheng, Tabil L G, Opoku A
		Creep property has significant effect on fibrous biomass compress processing. Different creep properties influence the energy consumption during compacting. In order to investigate the proper parameters for compression process, four elements Burger′s model was introduced and the creep properties of timothy hay bales were analyzed under different moisture contents and lengths. The results show that this model fits the data well and those two conditions influence the creep properties especially the moisture content. It was found that two factors had significant effects on the creep: elastic factor and viscous factor. These two factors contained around 86.45％ of creep information. Timothy hay bales show lower values of elasticity and viscosity under high moisture content than those under low moisture content. Meanwhile, the length of timothy grass has no effects on these values when the grass has high moisture content. Therefore, it is concluded that it will consume less energy when timothy hay is compressed to hay bale under high moisture content than those under other conditions.
		2011 Vol. 32 (1): 6-10 [Abstract] ( 1408 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1288KB] ( 1801 )

	11	Study on sprocket profile and meshing analysis of roller chain drive
		LI Zhaowen, WANG Yong
		A new sprocket was developed by simulating actual meshing process of sprocket and rollers. Based on the theory of approximate conjugate meshing, a way of simulating the meshing process of roller chain drive was developed to realize the sprocket virtual machining. The profile of sprocket teeth was the envelope of rollers which moved on the sprocket rough. Virtual machining of sprocket profile was performed using secondary developing technology of AutoCAD. A dynamic model of a roller chain drive mechanism with new sprocket was built using multi-body dynamic techniques. The meshing process of roller chain drive can be accurately simulated by this model. Dynamic simulation results using mechanism with new sprocket are compared with those using mechanism with ISO 606 sprocket. Simulation analysis shows that tension between chain links is decreased and chain／sprocket meshing impact is also reduced by applying the new sprocket.
		2011 Vol. 32 (1): 11-15 [Abstract] ( 1747 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1624KB] ( 2030 )

	16	Study on deamidation of wheat gluten deamidated with citric acid
		LIAO Lan, ZHAO Mouming, WANG Qin, REN Jiaoyan, ZHAO Haifeng, CUI Chun
		To study the effect of deamidation on wheat gluten with citric acid, wheat gluten deamidated with hydrochloric acid (HDWG) was selected as samples based on the evaluation from deamidation degree, nitrogen soluble index, SDSPAGE, FTIR, and SEM of the modified samples. At the similar deamidation degree of 60％, foaming capacity of citric acid deamidated samples (CDWG) was about 4 times more than that of HDWG. CDWG exhibited the higher emulsification properties compared with HDWG. HDWG was observed to have the distinctive susceptibility of large molecule bands (50～100 kDa) and the obvious enhancement of small molecule bands (<14 kDa), but there were no significant differences in the large molecule bands between CDWG and the control. Furthermore, the band positions of secondary structures of HDWG showed obvious shifts in contrast to those of CDWG and the control.
		2011 Vol. 32 (1): 16-21 [Abstract] ( 3237 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2493KB] ( 4283 )

	22	Design of a new type of adjustable shock absorber for electric-controlled air suspension
		JIANG Haobin, SUN Peng, WANG Ruochen, XIONG Xinhan
		To meet the damping control demand of an electric-controlled air suspension in bus the structure of an adjustable shock absorber with two-levels damp is designed based on the passive hydraulic shock absorber of a bus. The design goal of shock absorber′s damping force under ′hard′ and ′soft′ dam-ping situation is decided. The damping adjusting device makes the shifting of two damping situations possible through solenoid controlling swing cylinder. The structure and working principle of the adjustable shock absorber are introduced. The mathematical model of adjustable shock absorber′s damping characteristics is established by fluid mechanic theory. Structural parameters of shock absorber are decided by simulation. Adjustable shock absorber specimen is developed, and its damping performance is tested. It shows that test data agree well with the simulation results, the validities of structure design and simulation model of adjustable shock absorber are verified. The shifting control of two damping situations is accurate and stable in the process of bench test. Thus it provides new technology for development of electric-controlled semi-active air suspension.
		2011 Vol. 32 (1): 22-27 [Abstract] ( 2775 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2121KB] ( 2342 )

	28	Returnability control algorithm for EPS system of electric bus
		ZHAO Wanzhong, SHI Guobiao, LIN Yi, SUN Peikun, LIU Shun
		In order to enhance the returnability of electric power steering(EPS) system of electric bus, the fuzzy PID control algorithm is developed. According to the angle and speed of rotation detected by related sensors, the aligning voltage is controlled as system output by fuzzy PID theory in order to make the steering wheel reset to the mid-position. The fuzzy PID controller for the system is designed, which combines the advantages of fuzzy control and PID control, and can amend the parameters of PID controller on-line. Using the designed algorithm, the returnability of EPS system is improved. The simulation and test show that the control strategy can improve the wheel returnability at low speed and restrain the aligning overshoot at high speed without any adverse effect on driver′s steering feeling.
		2011 Vol. 32 (1): 28-31 [Abstract] ( 2624 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1446KB] ( 2716 )

	32	Influences of two types of biases from manufacture／installation on directional stability of high speed vehicle
		CHEN Shian, QIU Feng, HE Ren
		To improve the directional stability of high speed vehicle, the working principle of vehicle deviation and influences on vehicle directional stability caused by two types of biases from manufacture／installation are investigated. The two types of biases include the unequal of left and right wheelbases and the misalignment of midpoint connection line of front and rear axles with longitudinal axis of body. The dynamic model of vehicle deviation caused by the two types of biases from manufacture／installation is established. Influences of the two types of biases from manufacture／installation on directional stability of high speed vehicle are analyzed quantitatively through numerical simulation. The analysis results show that influence of the unequal of left and right wheelbases on directional stability of high speed vehicle is greater than the latter, so the unequal of left and right wheelbases is one of main factors causing vehicle deviation. The influence of the bias between midpoint connection line of front and rear axles and longitudinal axis of body in front axle is greater than that in rear axle.
		2011 Vol. 32 (1): 32-37 [Abstract] ( 1700 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1779KB] ( 1974 )

	38	Characters of NOx emission from transit bus with SCR
		LI Mengliang, NIE Yanxin, XU Junfang, QIN Kongjian, JING Xiaojun
		The emission test on four different vehicles was conducted by using onboard test system. Based on the theory of SCR, the reason of higher NOx emission from State Ⅳ conventional bus and hybrid bus equiped with SCR was analysed. By combining the data from the test and the methods of ′idle′ and ′segment′, the relationship between exhaust temperature and NOx emission was studied. The results show that the use of SCR technology can reduce NOx emissions to a certain extent. When the exhaust temperature is between 130 ℃ and 230 ℃, the NOx conversion efficiency increases about 6％ with temperature increase of about 10 ℃. For transit bus with SCR, especially HEV, the proportion of the exhaust temperature above 230 ℃ is very small, which causes the lower conversion efficiency and higher NOx emission. Some technology (e.g. exhaust heating system) should be used or the transformation efficiency under low temperature should be increased.
		2011 Vol. 32 (1): 38-42 [Abstract] ( 1825 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1950KB] ( 1887 )

	43	Study on macroscopic residual stresses in long fibre reinforced aluminum alloy
		SUN Shaochun, ZHANG Hui, MA Dexin, ZHAO Yutao, CHEN Gang
		The macroscopic residual stresses between reinforced and unreinforced zones in long fibre reinforced aluminum samples were measured with the borehole method and simulated with FEM. The results indicate that there exist obvious macroscopic residual stresses in the samples, which are distributed very unequal. It was found that the macroscopic residual stresses at most locations in both the reinforced and unreinforced zones were not harmfully high. However, there were some small region with large tensile residual stresses in the unreinforced zone very close to the boundary. These high tensile residual stresses could reach 120 ～140 MPa in the samples locally reinforced with 50％ long fibre. The influence of fibre volumetric contents in the reinforced zone on the macroscopic residual stresses was analyzed with data comparisons. With increase of fibre volumetric contents the macroscopic residual stresses in the sample increase. The fibre volumetric contents have much greater effects on the maximal residual tensile stress in the sample. If the fibre volumetric contents exceed 65％, the maximal residual tensile stress appearing in the sample will reach more than 200 MPa.
		2011 Vol. 32 (1): 43-46 [Abstract] ( 1614 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1715KB] ( 1788 )

	47	Study on phase separation of suanite from boronrich blast furnace slag
		ZHAN Hongren, FAN Zhanguo, JIANG Xiaofeng, LI Jie, JIANG Tao
		The phase separation of suanite of MgO-B2O3-SiO2-Al2O-CaO system slag at different cooling rate is studied under the condition of continuous cooling and stepped cooling respectively by using scanning electron microscopies and X-ray diffraction. The experiment results indicate that the high melting point forsterite is separated out earlier than the suanite, which prevents the nucleation and coarsening of suanite when the temperature of the slag decreases from 1 500 ℃ to 800 ℃ at different cooling rate. The stepped cooling method, with rapid cooling of 1 500~1 200 ℃,can prevent the separation of forsterite phase and reduces the inhibition effect of forsterite on the nucleation and growth of suanite.Heat is preserved at 1 200 ℃ to ensure the sufficient interaction time among the particles, which is favorable toward the nucleation and growth of suanite. So the separation and growth of suanite phase are affected not only by undercooling and viscosity but also by the crystallization of forsterite.
		2011 Vol. 32 (1): 47-50 [Abstract] ( 1410 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1811KB] ( 2421 )

	51	Strengthening mechanism of ultra-fine sub-grained Al alloy
		XU Hongxing, CHENG Xiaonong, XU Xiaojing, SONG Gang, MO Jiping
		Equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) of the 2024 Al alloy treated by overaging treatment was performed at room temperature with an imposed equivalent strain of 0.5. The hardness of 100 HV, yield strength of 130 MPa and elongation rate of 31％ aluminum alloys were obtained for the ECAPed alloy. The strengthening mechanism was analysed. The results show that the yield strength of measured and calculated values agree very well. It is proved that the yield strength of 2024 aluminum alloy by overaging solution after ECAP processing depends primarily on the matrix yield strength, which mainly includes dislocation strengthening, subgrain boundary strengthening, grain boundary strengthening and lattice friction stress.
		2011 Vol. 32 (1): 51-55 [Abstract] ( 2357 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1681KB] ( 2585 )

	56	Synthesis and characterization of TiO2 self-doped with biogenic nitrogen and phosphorus
		HAN Ting, YAO Wei, ZHANG Haojie, FAN Tongxiang, HE Dannong
		Soybeans and water-soluble titanium complexes are selected as biogenic nitrogen and phosphorus sources respectively to synthesize biogenic nitrogen and phosphorus selfdoped TiO2. X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are conducted to characterize the structure and composition of the samples, which show that they possess single anatase phase, and that nitrogen and phosphorus contained in original soybeans are selfdoped into the lattice. UV-Vis spectroscopy displays that N-P-doped TiO2 exhibits an enhanced absorption in the UV-Vis light range and red shift of the absorption edge, compared to undoped TiO2. Furthermore, degradation experiments of rhodamine 6G solution indicate superior photocatalytic activity of N-P-TiO2, of which the degradation rate is 1.4 times that of undoped TiO2. This work may pave a new pathway for synthesizing the discarded biomass and other metal oxides selfdoped with biogenic nitrogen and phosphorus.
		2011 Vol. 32 (1): 56-59 [Abstract] ( 1711 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1943KB] ( 2404 )

	60	Optimization of tetrahedral mesh based on error function
		LIU Houlin, LU Mingzhen, DONG Liang, REN Yun, SHU Minhua
		With the development of mesh technique, mesh optimization becomes more and more important. Several usual mesh optimization methods were briefly reviewed. According to the study of used measurement for tetrahedral element quality,an error function was introduced. The mesh was optimized based on the error function.The error function was adopted as the composite function of the optimizationbased smoothing. The smoothing can be calculated by minimizing the error function using Broyden Fletcher Goldfarb Shanno(BFGS) method. The poorquality elements generated by the mesh generation algorithms of advancing front technique (AFT) and Delaunay Triangulation were eliminated combining the optimizationbased smoothing topology optimization. The point collapsing and swapping technology was selected to the topology optimization. The practical application of the optimization algorithm for a impeller of a double channel pump shows that the worst mesh elements can be eliminated and the whole mesh quality can be improved markedly.
		2011 Vol. 32 (1): 60-64 [Abstract] ( 1558 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1551KB] ( 2198 )

	65	Numerical simulation of plane cell micro-combustor with preheating channels
		TANG Aikun, PAN Jianfeng, XUE Hong, LI Xiaochun, DUAN Lian, LI Detao
		In order to improve the total transition efficiency and workability of plane cell micro-thermophotovoltaic system, a new plane cell micro-combustor with preheating channels is designed. Numerical simulation is used to predict the temperature distribution of inner combustor, emitter wall and outlet section with and without preheating channels while the inlet equivalence ratio of hydrogen and oxygen is 1.00 and volume flux is 1 500 mL／min. The results show that hydrogen and oxygen can fully mix in the two combustors and realize stable combustion. The use of preheating channels can improve combustion effect by increasing the enthalpy of fuel and oxidant, and finally increase the average temperature of the emitter wall by 105 K which is highly favourable to the increase of power output and photoelectric transition efficiency.
		2011 Vol. 32 (1): 65-69 [Abstract] ( 1210 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1941KB] ( 1765 )

	70	Design of Gm-C filter with an accurate constant-Gm bias circuit
		GUO Guiliang, MOU Rongzeng, DU Zhankun, YAN Yuepeng
		To improve the complex structure, high power consumption and low precision of on-chip Gm-C filter automatic frequency tuning circuits, an accurate constanttransconductance bias circuit was proposed. The cutoff frequency of the filter was stabilized by making the transconductance of the transconductance transistor identically equal to an off-chip high precision resistor. The operation theory was derived, and the filter and transconductor were designed. The circuit was applied to the 9th order low pass filter for wireless sensor chips, and the simulation was conducted. This chip was implemented in SMIC 0.18 μm 18 V 1P6M CMOS technology and the low pass filter was realized by the synthesis of passive LC filter prototype. The test results show that there is only a difference of 1％ between the cutoff frequency and the designed value and the inband ripple is less than 0.8 dB. The inputreferred noise is less than 25 nV／Hz with a power consumption of 1.6 mW. The results meet the requirements of wireless sensor chips.
		2011 Vol. 32 (1): 70-74 [Abstract] ( 2715 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1769KB] ( 4198 )

	75	Implementation of Petri nets controller based on LabVIEW
		DU Tianyan, ZHAO Buhui
		To apply the Petri nets on measurement and control system widely, a componentbased implementation method of time delay C／E Petri nets system was proposed, in which a graphical programming language LabVIEW was adopted. In LabVIEW, the places of Petri nets were represented by Boolean controls (‘TRUE’ of boolean control means place contains token), and the transitions of Petri nets were represented by subVIs. Transition subVI would change the value of places by the Boolean controls reference when it was fired. Four transition subVIs with different number of input／output places (SISO, SIMO, MISO, MIMO) were bound together to set up a polymorphic transition VI. Based on this method, a time delay C／E Petri net was set up by combining the place and polymorphic transition components in LabVIEW, so that the process was simplified. A specific Petri net was completed and tested. The results show that the system operating state is reflected by the front panel of the controller directly, and the topology of block diagram is similar to that of the original Petri net. Due to the combination of two graphic languages, LabVIEW and Petri net, the implementation of measurement and control system based on Petri nets becomes simpler and more visualable.
		2011 Vol. 32 (1): 75-78 [Abstract] ( 2491 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1499KB] ( 1775 )

	79	An integrative mathematic model of bearingless switched reluctance motors
		ZHOU Yunhong, SUN Yukun, ZHU Zhiying, SUN Xuelei
		In light of magnetic saturation and radial displacements in bearingless switched reluctance motors(BSRM), a novel integrative mathematical model was proposed. Based on the finite element analysis of motor magnetic field, the radial force and torque expressions about gas magnetic densities were obtained by Maxwell stress tensor method. The nonlinear gas magnetic densities were calculated based on single equivalent magnetic circuit combined with the nonlinear magnetization characteristic of iron core. At last, the integrative mathematical model of BSRM was established and verified by finite element analysis of a prototype as an example. The results show that this model can fit for both magnetic saturated and unsaturated working states. So it can remedy the shortcomings of existing models based on nonsaturation hypothesis, which are not suitable for magneticsaturated condition.
		2011 Vol. 32 (1): 79-83 [Abstract] ( 2096 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1661KB] ( 1923 )

	84	An outlier detection algorithm based on hyper-geometric feature
		ZHU Yuquan, LIU Sheng, SUN Jinjin
		To solve the problem that the manual inspection process was badly simulated and the issues were not fully considered in the outlier detection, such as the distribution of the samples surrounding the data to be tested, an outlier detection algorithm called DDSVDD was proposed. In this algorithm, the distance between the test samples and the target samples and the distribution information of the test sample region were all considered. The distance and the average density were taken into account to determine the type of data tested near the decisionmaking boundary in highdimensional feature space. In the training stage, the distribution of the target training samples near the decisionmaking boundary was considered, and part of the target samples near the concentrated boundary of training sample were set aside, whose average densities were calculated. In the forecasting stage, the attribution of test samples was estimated by using distance and average density synthetically. The algorithmic derivation was carried out, and the codes of training stage and checking stage were given. The experiment based on UCI data was done. The results show that DDSVDD is effective, and the recognition rate is high.
		2011 Vol. 32 (1): 84-88 [Abstract] ( 1398 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1307KB] ( 1912 )

	89	Analysis of software safety risk propagation based on small world networks
		LIU Xuemin, ZHOU Jinglun, LUO Pengcheng
		To solve the problem that the direct description of safety risk propagation was difficult in safety risk assessment, the small world networks theory was applied. The concepts of software safety risk, the characters and models of small world networks were introduced. The topology structure of software network was analyzed, and a dynamic model of risk propagation in the software components was established based on small world networks theory. According to this model, the result of risk propagation and the key factor for risk propagation were obtained. To demonstrate the performance gains of this model, an airplane software system was analyzed as an example. The results show that hazard severity is more important than hazard probability in terms of influence on the risk, and the risk deriving from a small degree node has faster spreading speed. The conclusion can be used to guide the software risk control and improve software safety.
		2011 Vol. 32 (1): 89-93 [Abstract] ( 1298 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2871KB] ( 2450 )

	94	Information fusion technology of INS／GNSS based on fault state detection
		FANG Ling, LAI Jizhou, ZHANG Xiaoshan, ZHENG Zhiming
		To improve the reliability and accuracy of INS／GNSS integrated navigation system, an information fusion scheme of SINS／GPS／Galileo／RDSS integrated navigation system was designed, and the chi-square testing method based on probability distribution was adopted to improve the fault tolerance and the reliability of the system. On this condition, a new self-adaption distribution algorithm based on the fault state detection was adopted, and the model of navigation system was established. The states function and measurement equation were given. This new algorithm was simulated and compared with the traditional distribution algorithm of Carlson. The results show that the new algorithm can adjust the distribution coefficients of the real-time system. The system errors are effectively restrained by this algorithm, especially under the condition of high maneuvering, and the precisions of navigation output such as position, velocity and location are improved to some degree.
		2011 Vol. 32 (1): 94-98 [Abstract] ( 1552 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1897KB] ( 1923 )

	99	Reaction mechanism of Co-salen complex catalyzed oxidation of dimeric lignin model compound
		ZHOU Xuefei, DENG Riling, WANG Shurong
		In order to investigate the Co-salen catalytic bleaching mechanism of pulp, the dimeric guaiacyl lignin model compound with β—O—4 linkage was synthesized. The degradation products and functional groups in Co-salen catalytic oxidation were analysed by GC-MS, FT-IR and 13C-NMR, respectively. The degradation mechanism of lignin model compound was elucidated based on the degradation products and structural changes. Attacks of peroxy anionic radical, hydroperoxy ion and hydroxy radical in Co-salen catalytic system made the β—O—4 linkage broke, ary ring open and methoxy reduced, yielding aldehyde, phenol and alkene.
		2011 Vol. 32 (1): 99-102 [Abstract] ( 1614 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1303KB] ( 1753 )

	103	xperimental study for treating electroplating wastewater containing Crn+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ by electrocoagulation
		CHU Jinyu, SHI Xingmei, DU Yansheng, MA Fang
		To control the pollution status of environment by electroplating wastewater, electrocoagulation technology was applied to treat electroplating wastewater containing heavy metal ions. Meanwhile, the relationship between the heavy metal removal rate and some affection factors, such as initial pH value, current density, electrode span were analyzed. The results show that the removal efficiency was most effective when the pH was kept between 4 and 8. When the initial pH exceeded 8, the removal efficiency of chromium ion declined. With current density and time increasing, the removal efficiency of metal ion increased gradually. When the initial pH value was 6, the current density was 545 A／dm2, the distance between the electrode plates was 1 cm, and the time of the electrolytic treatment was 30 min, the removal efficiency of Crn+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ were 9622％, 9986％, 9913％ respectively.
		2011 Vol. 32 (1): 103-106 [Abstract] ( 2475 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1483KB] ( 3718 )

	107	Experimental study on compaction property of different sized ground earth fill foundation
		WU Ke, MA Mingyue, MA Guoliang
		According to the compaction features of filledin ground in highroad, dry weight density curve was obtained through the indoor compaction test under the work of resistance function and the different gradation silty soil or the clay. The compaction features were presented under different graduations of silt soil or clay soil. The relationship between the compactness, the void ratio, the air volume rate, and the degree of saturation was obtained. Furthermore, based on the microscopic structure analysis, the influence of compactness on the earth fill microscopic structure was discussed. The test results indicate that in the different gradations of silty soil or the clay, there is one optimum compaction work. The maximum dry density is obtained under the optimum compaction work. The compression feature of clay can be changed by mixing the coarse particles, but that of silty soil can not be changed effectively. In the compaction process, with the increase of compactness, the clay grains can fill the pore spaces fully, but the silty soil can not.
		2011 Vol. 32 (1): 107-110 [Abstract] ( 1647 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2345KB] ( 1877 )

	111	FRP strengthened RC beams
		YE Surong, XIONG Guangjing
		In order to analyze the peeling-off stress of shear-flexure zone of externally bonded FRP strengthened reinforced concrete beams, a simple threedimensional nonlinear finite element model based on the beam segment between two flexural cracks of a FRP strengthened beam was proposed. The difficulty to analyze the peeling-off stress by taking a whole strengthened beam as a finite element model was avoided. The proposed simple model was validated by Saint-Venant principle and numerical study. Based on this model, a parameter study on the peeling-off stress under the influence of stress levels of FRP, shear-span ratio, FRP-concrete constitutive laws and layers of FRP was performed. The calculated analysis shows that the FRP stress and layers have a significant influence on the peelingoff stress, and the peelingoff failure is induced mainly by normal stress in FRPconcrete interfacial layer. The average error between the numerical results and the existed experimental results is 185％.
		2011 Vol. 32 (1): 111-115 [Abstract] ( 1368 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1576KB] ( 2049 )

	116	Strong law of large numbers for asymptotic circular Markov chains
		YANG Weiguo, ZHONG Pingping, LIANG Peipei
		The strong limit theorem of asymptotic circular Markov chains is studied. The definition of asymptotic circular Markov chains is introduced. By applying the limit property for dual functions of nonhomogeneous Markov chains, the strong limit theorem on the frequencies of occurrence of states for asymptotic circular Markov chains is established. Finally, the strong law of large numbers on the frequencies of occurrence of states for asymptotic circular Markov chains is obtained. As corollaries, the strong law of large numbers on the frequencies of occurrence of states for circular Markov chains is obtained.
		2011 Vol. 32 (1): 116-119 [Abstract] ( 1485 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1291KB] ( 1679 )

	120	Study on retrial double-ended queueing system with feedback
		ZHU Yijuan, DAN Jingxuan, ZHOU Zonghao
		On the basis of the traditional double-ended queue, a retrial double-ended queueing system with feedback is studied for the stock exchange. We propose that the buyers and sellers in business are at both ends in the queuing model, and that the customers at both ends are subject to Poisson distribution. The necessary and sufficient condition for the system in steady state is proved by embedding Markov chain. Markov process is constructed by means of supplementary variable, and the differential equation is listed. At last the queue length of the system in the steady state is obtained by probability generating function.
		2011 Vol. 32 (1): 120-124 [Abstract] ( 1450 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1304KB] ( 2186 )

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