[1]Deter RL,De Duve C. Influence of glucagon, an inducer of cellular autophagy, on some physical properties of rat liver lysosomes\[J\]. J Cell Biol,1967,33(2):437-449.[2]YlaAnttila P, Vihinen H, Jokitalo E, et al.3D tomography reveals connections between the phagophore and endoplasmic reticulum\[J\].Autophagy,2009,5(8):1180-1185.[3]Levine B,Mizushima N,Virgin HW.Autophagy in immunity and inflammation\[J\].Nature,2011, 469(7330): 323-335.[4]Itakura E, Kishi C, Inoue K, et al. Beclin 1 forms two distinct phosphatidylinositol 3kinase complexes with mammalian Atg14 and UVRAG\[J\].Mol Biol Cell,2008,19(12):5360-5372.[5]Lee JW,Park S,Takahashi Y,et al.The association of AMPK with ULK1 regulates autophagy\[J\].PLoS One,2010,5(11):e15394.[6]Réz G,Tóth S,Plfia Z.Cellular autophagic capacity is highly increased in azaserineinduced premalignant atypical acinar nodule cells\[J\]. Carcinogenesis,1999, 20 (10):1893-1898.[7]Fujii S,Mitsunaga S,Yamazaki M, et al. Autophagy is activated in pancreatic cancer cells and correlates with poor patient outcome\[J\]. Cancer Sci,2008,99(9):1813-1819.[8]Yang S,Wang X,Contino G,et al.Pancreatic cancers require autophagy for tumor growth\[J\].Genes Dev,2011,25(7):717-729.[9]Kim SE,Park HJ,Jeong HK, et al. Autophagy sustains the survival of human pancreatic cancer PANC1 cells under extreme nutrient deprivation conditions\[J\].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2015,463(3):205-210.[10]Komatsu M,Waguri S,Chiba T,et al.Loss of autophagy in the central nervous system causes neurodegeneration in mice\[J\].Nature,2006,441(7095):880-884.[11]Wolpin BM,Rubinson DA, Wang X,et al. Phase Ⅱ and pharmacodynamic study of autophagy inhibition using hydroxychloroquine in patients with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma\[J\].Oncologist,2014,19(6):637-638.[12]Rosenfeldt MT,O′prey J,Morton JP,et al. p53 status determines the role of autophagy in pancreatic tumour development\[J\].Nature,2013,504(7479):296-300.[13]Nigro JM,Baker SJ,Preisinger AC, et al. Mutations in the p53 gene occur in diverse human tumour types\[J\]. Nature,1989,342(6250):705-708.[14]Yang A,Rajeshkumar NV,Wang X,et al. Autophagy is critical for pancreatic tumor growth and progression in tumors with p53 alterations\[J\].Cancer Discov,2014,4(8):905-913.[15]Feng Z. p53 regulation of the IGF1/AKT/mTOR pathways and the endosomal compartment\[J\]. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol,2010,2(2):a001057.[16]Notte A,Leclere L,Michiels C.Autophagy as a mediator of chemotherapyinduced cell death in cancer\[J\].Biochem Pharmacol,2011,82(5):427-434.[17]Mukubou H,Tsujimura T,Sasaki R,et al. The role of autophagy in the treatment of pancreatic cancer with gemcitabine and ionizing radiation\[J\].Int J Oncol,2010,37(4):821-828.[18]Pardo R, Lo Ré A, Archange C, et al. Gemcitabine induces the VMP1mediated autophagy pathway to promote apoptotic death in human pancreatic cancer cells\[J\]. Pancreatology,2010,10(1):19-26.[19]Fiorini C, Cordani M, Gotte G,et al. Onconase induces autophagy sensitizing pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine and activates Akt/mTOR pathway in a ROSdependent manner\[J\]. Biochim Biophys Acta,2015,1853(3):549-560.[20]Hashimoto D,Blauer M,Hirota M,et al.Autophagy is needed for the growth of pancreatic adenocarcinoma and has a cytoprotective effect against anticancer drugs\[J\].Eur J Cancer,2014,50(7):1382-1390.[21]Hermann PC,Huber SL,Herrler T,et al. Distinct populations of cancer stem cells determine tumor growth and metastatic activity in human pancreatic cancer\[J\].Cell Stem Cell,2007,1(3):313-323.[22]Van Den Broeck A,Gremeaux L,Topal B,et al. Human pancreatic adenocarcinoma contains a side population resistant to gemcitabine\[J\].BMC Cancer,2012,12:354.[23]Rausch V,Liu L,Apel A,et al.Autophagy mediates survival of pancreatic tumourinitiating cells in a hypoxic microenvironment\[J\].J Pathol,2012,227(3):325-335.[24]Yang MC,Wang HC,Hou YC,et al. Blockade of autophagy reduces pancreatic cancer stem cell activity and potentiates the tumoricidal effect of gemcitabine\[J\].Mol Cancer,2015,14:179.[25]Chatterjee S,Behnam Azad B,Nimmagadda S.The intricate role of CXCR4 in cancer\[J\].Adv Cancer Res,2014,124:31-82.[26]Domanska UM,Kruizinga RC,Nagengast WB, et al. A review on CXCR4/CXCL12 axis in oncology: no place to hide\[J\]. Eur J Cancer,2013,49(1):219-230.[27]Bailey JM, Mohr AM,Hollingsworth MA. Sonic hedgehog paracrine signaling regulates metastasis and lymphangiogenesis in pancreatic cancer\[J\].Oncogene,2009,28(40): 3513-3525.[28]Balic A,Sorensen MD,Trabulo SM, et al. Chloroquine targets pancreatic cancer stem cells via inhibition of CXCR4 and hedgehog signaling\[J\].Mol Cancer Ther,2014,13(7):1758-1771.[29]Loehberg CR,Thompson T,Kastan MB,et al.Ataxia telangiectasiamutated and p53 are potential mediators of chloroquineinduced resistance to mammary carcinogenesis\[J\].Cancer Res,2007,67(24): 12026-12033.[30]Sasaki K, Tsuno NH,Sunami E,et al. Chloroquine potentiates the anticancer effect of 5fluorouracil on colon cancer cells\[J\].BMC Cancer,2010,10:370.