Abstract：The adverb Hai has many meanings, some of which have the counter-expectation pragmatic function in a given context. In other words, Hal leads a phrase or clause that convey information contrary to expectation, usually in the speaker＇ s position, view or attitude, making the counter-expectation subjective. In line with the realizing condition of counter-expectation function, the following six meanings and usages of Hai are found to have counter-expectation pragmatic function： in an adversative clause; in a comparative or contrastive sentence; before a positive adjective to express subjective evaluation; in the two patterns of ＂X hai VP le, bie ti / bu yong shuo / he kuang Y （ X is still VP, let alone Y）＂ and ＂hai VP/NP （ is still VP/NP）＂ ; as a modal word; when Hai expresses a continuous meaning but is not stressed in a sentence. Hai has changed it- self from a verb into an adverb, which in turn is subjectivized. In the process, the ＂image-schema＂ structure never changes. That is say, the original verb meaning lingers in the adverb Hai, which gives rise to its counter-expectation pragmatic function.
唐敏. 副词“还”的“反预期”语用功能及“反预期”的义源追溯[J]. 江苏大学学报（社会科学版）, 2009, 11(4): 69-73.
Tang Min. On the Counter-expectation Pragmatic Function of Adverb Hai and its Source. Journal of Jiangsu University（Social Science Editi, 2009, 11(4): 69-73.
2009, Vol. 11 
