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Journal of Drainage and Irrigation Machinery Engin
 
2022 Vol.40 Issue.1
Published 2022-01-25
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2022 Vol. 40 (1): 0- [Abstract] ( 18 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 10946KB] ( 296 )
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2022 Vol. 40 (1): 0- [Abstract] ( 19 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1337KB] ( 290 )
1 Numerical simulation of transient characteristics of mixed-flow pump during start-up process
ZHAO Wenbin,LI Wei*,WANG Xingyuan,JI Leilei
To study the transient characteristics of the start-up process of a mixed-flow pump, a model and method for solving the transient flow of a mixed-flow pump was developed by using the experimental test speed and flow rate as the solution boundary conditions. The comparison between the head obtained by quasi-steady state and transient numerical methods and the experimental head is used to verify the accuracy of the numerical methods. The evolution of the transient flow field during the start-up of the mixed flow pump and the effect of the start-up acceleration on the internal flow field were analyzed. It was found that the used numerical calculation method was more accurate in reflecting the transient characteristics of the start-up process and the transient head presents significant transient effects. The quasi-steady state method has large errors, and the quasi-steady state method based on similarity law was not applicable in transient performance studies. Due to the effect of angular acceleration and fluid inertia, the inlet pressure gradient at the blade working surface is more pronounced du-ring acceleration, and significant vortices are generated at the blade tip and at the trailing edge of the blade outlet side. It leads to transient external characteristics different from that quasi-steady state conditions. The start-up acceleration has a greater impact on the impact head, the acceleration magnitude determines the peak of the impact head, and the flow lag is also significantly different.
2022 Vol. 40 (1): 1-7 [Abstract] ( 29 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 0KB] ( 191 )
8 Pressure pulsation characteristics and improvement methods of axial extension pump
LIU Zhiqiang,ZHANG Yuquan*,DAI Qingyun,ZHENG Yuan,WU Donglei,WEI Wenqian
In order to study the pressure pulsation characteristics of the axial extension tubular pump and its improvement methods, the CFD numerical simulation is applied to optimize the design of tubular pump by adding a deflector in the outlet channel, and the correctness of the numerical calculation method is verified by real machine test. The results show that the pressure pulsation and frequency domain characteristics of the original model and the optimized model pump under small flow conditions are worse than those under the rated conditions, but the pressure pulsation characteristics at the impeller inlet under different flow conditions are significantly affected by the rotating impeller. The pressure pulsation changes strongly under small flow conditions. The low-frequency components of the pressure pulsation at the impeller outlet and the rear guide vane outlet of the original model are obvious. The addition of a deflector can effectively reduce the variation pressure pulsation amplitude and low-frequency components at these two places. Under rated conditions, the periodic law of pressure pulsation is signi-ficant, and the deflector can effectively reduce the pressure pulsation amplitude and low-frequency components at the front guide vane inlet and the impeller inlet. Under different flow conditions, the vortex elimination effect of the deflector in the outlet flow channel is very significant.
2022 Vol. 40 (1): 8-14 [Abstract] ( 31 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 7920KB] ( 386 )
15 Characteristics of gas-liquid two-phase flow in self-priming pump
KONG Dongmei,PAN Zhongyong*,YANG Bo
To study the internal flow behaviors in the self-priming process of self-priming pump, the gas-liquid two-phase steady numerical simulation was carried out based on an external mixing self-priming centrifugal pump. The gas-liquid two-phase distribution and average static pressure distribution of impeller and volute under different inlet gas content were analyzed. It provides a basis for the optimal design of self-priming pump. The results show that the gas phase first accumulates at the back of the blade and the tongue area near the impeller inlet. With the increase of the inlet gas content, the gas phase gradually diffuses into the impeller and volute channel, which is not conducive to the transportation of two-phase flow, and affects the self-priming performance of the pump. The gas content in the circumferential and axial plane of the impeller is similar to that in the inlet, but the gas content in the axial plane of the volute is quite different from that in the inlet. The low pressure area in the impeller and the volute decreases gradually with the increase of gas content, but the average static pressure value increases gradually. With the increase of relative height and the decrease of inlet gas content, the average pressure in the axial plane of the impeller decreases obviously, while the average pressure in the axial plane in the volute decreases first and then increases. When the gas content exceeds 10%, the head decreases obviously, and the hydraulic performance of the pump is greatly affec-ted by the inlet gas content.
2022 Vol. 40 (1): 15-21 [Abstract] ( 31 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2453KB] ( 374 )
22 Design and test of piston injection pump and its application in precise fertigation
WANG Jingjing,ZHUO Yue,ZHANG Haohui,YAN Haijun*,WANG Chunye,MENG Fanyu
In order to solve the problems of uneven fertilization concentration caused by the flow rate fluctuation with the changed irrigation pressure of irrigation pipeline in the integrated application of water and fertilizer. A piston injection pump with rated flow rate of 300 L/h and maximum working pressure of 1.0 MPa was designed. Then characteristic performances of the piston injection pump were carried out under different stroke ratio and power supply frequency. The fitting formulas of flow rate with power supply frequency, stroke ratio and irrigation pressure were established. The results showed that the working flow rate of the piston injection pump was very significantly positively correlated with the power frequency and stroke ratio, but significantly negatively correlated with the irrigation pressure. The flow rate measurement accuracy expressed by relative standard deviation(RSD)ranged from 0.09% to 1.43%. When the stroke ratio was 100% and the power frequency was 50 Hz, as the irrigation pressure increased from 0.1 to 0.5 MPa, the drop of the flow rate was 14.22 L/h, accounting for 4.58% of the average flow, and the maximum RSD was only 0.38%. It is indicated that the flow rate of the piston pump is very stable and can meet the needs of different working irrigation pressure of sprinkler irrigation and micro-irrigation water and fertilizer integrated system. In addition, taking the piston injection pump as the core component, the control strategy of only changing the power frequency of the piston injection pump was proposed this paper. It has the advantages of simple control algorithm, accurate flow regulation and low investment cost. It is suitable for precision fertilization of water and fertili-zer integration.
2022 Vol. 40 (1): 22-29 [Abstract] ( 23 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3758KB] ( 459 )
30 Grey entropy analysis of coal gangue on macro and micro properties of concrete
QIAO Lidong，YAO Zhanquan，HE Liang，WANG Zongxi，ZHANG Zijian
In order to solve the huge environmental challenge caused by the massive accumulation of solid waste coal gangue, the coal gangue was used as coarse aggregate instead of ordinary crushed stone. Based on this research, the influence of coal gangue content(0, 10%, 20%, 30%)on the compressive strength of concrete was studied.The microscopic pore development law of different content of coal gangue concrete at various ages was tested by the nuclear magnetic resonance technology. At the same time, the relationship between the pore structure parameters of different content of coal gangue and the compressive strength of coal gangue with different content was explored by combining with the gray entropy metho. Combined with grey system theory, GM(1,4)grey prediction model was established. The results show that the addition of coal gangue will reduce the compressive strength of concrete. The area of T2 spectrum map increases with the increase of coal gangue content, and the proportion of small and micro pores increases compared with ordinary concrete. According to the study of grey entropy correlation, the strength of coal gangue concrete and the irreducible fluid saturation, porosity and the proportion of pore diameter in pore structure were 0.1~1.0 μm. The correlation degree of micron pores in the pore structure was the highest, which were 0.999 16, 0.989 44, and 0.995 93, respectively. The average relative error between the test value and the predicted value of the established gray correlation model GM(1,4)was 1.97%, which has good prediction accuracy. This research can provide a reference for the application of coal gangue as coarse aggregate in practical engineering.

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2022 Vol. 40 (1): 30-34 [Abstract] ( 34 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1686KB] ( 368 )
35 Application of RiverWare software in research reservior benefit operation
WANG Xin,WANG Chao*,MA Fangping,SUN Jiahui,YUAN Ruifang,LEI Xiaohui,WANG Hao
Aiming at the power generation risk problem caused by the uncertainty of predicted runoff in reservoir forecast operation, a dispatch rule considering the inflow forecast information is proposed. Taking the Three Gorges Reservoir as the research object, a RiverWare model based on the operation rule is constructed by using RiverWare software. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed rules, the actual(perfect forecast)inflow is taken as the input, and the regular operation results are compared with the optimized operation results. In addition, to explore the power generation benefit risk caused by the forecast uncertainty, based on the forecast deviation coefficient and the Monte Carlo method, multiple groups of forecast deviation coefficients are drawn to carry out regular rule dispatching, and the results of the rule dispatch under the perfect forecast are compared and analyzed. The result show that compared with the optimization, the generation loss of regular operation is small, and it can effectively meet the requirements of stable discharge of the reservoir.When the forecast deviation coefficients under the three typical inflow scenarios are within 0.05,0.20,and 0.05 respectively, it is basically consistent with the power generation under the perfect forecast, and the relative deviation can be controlled within 0.2%. The regulation rules proposed in this paper can reduce the difference in power generation caused by the uncertainty of forecast runoff to a certain extent. The research results can provide references for forecast dispatch rule in the actual production and operation of the reservoirs.
2022 Vol. 40 (1): 35-42 [Abstract] ( 27 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3291KB] ( 477 )
43 Hydrophobic modification of stainless steel flowing surface with fluorine- free agent for pumped-storage units and its anti-scaling performance
XIONG Tao,YANG Xiong,LIU Ze,ZHANG Yuquan*,ZHENG Yuan,XU Qianxin,PENG Xuyi
In the operation of pumped-storage units, it is urgent to deal with the problems of scaling and corrosion on the surface of the flowing. Here, a hydrophobic surface was constructed on 304 stainless steel substrate via a chemical grafting method by using a fluorine-free silane coupling agent as the hydrophobic modifier and an environment-friendly ethanol as the solvent. The effects of pretreatment on the surface properties of 304 stainless steel substrate, such as microstructure, roughness and contact angle of water droplets were investigated. The influence of the substrate roughness of 304 stainless steel on the contact angle of water droplets after hydrophobic modification was further analyzed. After a serial treatment of the ″pickling—grinding—modification″ on the 304 stainless steel substrate, the contact angle of surface was significantly increased from the initial 81° to 136°. While, the surface free energy was significantly decreased from the initial 35.8 mN/m to 11.8 mN/m. In the continuous simulation scale experiment, the average weight gain rate of the 304 stainless steel substrate after hydrophobic modification was only 0.21 g/(m2·h), which was about 69% slower than that before the modification(0.68 g·m-2·h-1). The results show that the hydrophobic surface of 304 stainless steel can be effectively constructed on the 304 stainless steel substrate by chemical grafting even using a fluorine-free modifier. The anti-scaling performance of the 304 stainless steel surface can be significantly improved after the hydrophobic modification.
2022 Vol. 40 (1): 43-48 [Abstract] ( 63 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 4178KB] ( 397 )
49 Numerical simulation and experimental study of CFD-DEM in bubbling fluidized bed based on different drag models
BAI Ling,HAN Chen,XU Yunfeng,ZHOU Ling*,ZHANG Lingjie,SHI Weidong
In order to accurately select the drag model in dense gas-solid two-phase flow and improve the accuracy of numerical simulation results. Based on the CFD-DEM two-way coupling method, this paper uses the most commonly used Ergun model Wen & Yu model, Syamal-O'Brien model, Gidaspow model, Di Felice model and Huilin & Gidaspow six drag models are used in gas-solid flui-dized bed numerical simulation. This kind of drag force model is used to carry out numerical simulation, and it is compared with the bed height, cavitation shape, diameter and pressure fluctuation mea-sured by high-speed photography experiments. For the gas-solid two-phase flow system with a medium superficial gas velocity of v=350 L/min, the six drag models are quite different in describing the changes of cavitation shapes and bed heights; The Di Felice model failed to predict the secondary small bubbles that appeared after the bubble was broken, and the Ergun model estimated the changeof the bed height. After comprehensive comparison, it was found that although the Gidaspow model slightly underestimated the changes in the secondary small bubble diameters. The bubble shape and pressure fluctuations were agree well with the experiments. In the DEM-based fluidized bed numerical simulation, the Gidaspow model can accurately predict dense gas-solid two-phase flow.
2022 Vol. 40 (1): 49-54 [Abstract] ( 46 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2829KB] ( 650 )
55 Analysis of internal flow characteristics of marine water-jet propulsion
LIU Yuewei,PAN Zhongyong*
In order to investigate the influence of ship speed on the internal flow characteristics of marine water-jet propulsion, the axial-flow water-jet propulsion is taken as the research object. Based on the software ANSYS-CFX, N-S equation and standard k-ε turbulence model were used to steady numerical simulate the whole basin of water-jet propulsion at rated speed 5 500 r/min and different ship speed. The pressure load on different sections of impeller blade of water-jet propeller at different ship speeds, the change of turbulent kinetic energy on each flow passage component and the distribution characteristics of velocity streamline on different internal sections were obtained. The results show that the variation law of pressure load with speed on the three different sections of 0.1span, 0.5span and 0.9span is basically the same, and the pressure at the blade inlet reaches the peak, and the pressure decreases slightly at the blade outlet. The turbulent kinetic energy increases with the increase of speed. The maximum turbulent kinetic energy at each speed is mainly distributed at the rim. The internal flow of the inlet passage is affected by the rotation of the driving shaft and the curvature change of the bend, which resulting in uneven flow with vortex appears. The vortex is affected by the speed of the ship. At low ship speed, the vortex concentrates on the lower wall of the inlet passage, and at high speed, the vortex concentrates on the upper wall of the inlet passage, and the vortex merge will occur.
2022 Vol. 40 (1): 55-61 [Abstract] ( 29 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 4616KB] ( 413 )
62 Optimization of multi-blade centrifugal fan for range hood based on regression Kriging surrogate model
ZHU Yongding,XIAO Qianhao,WU Linghui,WANG Jun*
A surrogate model was used to optimize the impeller design of a multi-blade centrifugal fan to improve the performance of the range hood by increasing the maximum air volume of the fan system. The key parameters(the outlet angle of blade β2, the maximum blade curvature f, and the blade outlet position Δφ)of the multi-blade centrifugal fan and their variation range were determined, and 44 groups of samples were generated by using the optimal Latin hypercube experimental design method. Combined with computational fluid dynamics(CFD)with high reliability, the regression Kriging model which can accurately reflect the relationship between the three design variables and the addition criterion of maximum air volume was constructed. The genetic algorithm was used to optimize the Kriging model, and the addition criterion of minimum surrogate model prediction(MSP)was used to achieve the optimal convergence condition. The results show that the regression Kriging model can accurately reflect the mapping relationship between design parameters and maximum air volume. The model test of the optimal impeller design parameters shows that the optimized impeller increases the maximum air volume of the range hood increase by 4.4%, and the air volume and efficiency are improved to a certain extent under multiple working conditions.
2022 Vol. 40 (1): 62-67 [Abstract] ( 43 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3085KB] ( 404 )
68 Experimental study on inner flow field of RCP shaft seal based on phase image edge online detection
CHEN Kan*,GUO Yi,LIU Wei,ZHANG Junkai,REN Hebin
Abstract:In order to study the abnormal working condition of the reactor coolant pump hydrodynamic pressure shaft seal and verify the working conditions of the third stage secondary seal, a simulation analysis of the shaft temperature distribution of the syatem was carried out. The three-stage low pressure leakage flow phase state images were obtained online by using a micro endoscopic device, and a digital images process method was applied. The mean square error value was obtained by using the Sobel edge detection algorithm. The online monitoring of the phase state of the low pressure leakage flow of the RCP shaft seal was realized based on the endoscopic image. The lubrication state of the dynamic seal was improved by increasing the third-stage leakage back pressure, and the multi-level back pressure validation tests were carried out. The characteristic value obtained by Sobel edge detection algorithm for flow field image is used to evaluate the flow status change of shaft seal leakage flow field. The results show that when the back pressure equivalent water column height are H=0.77 m, 1.30, 1.55, 1.80, and the Sobel mean square error value are δs1s2=0.005 549, δs1s2=0.015 100, δs1s2=0.020 690,δs1s2=0.198 400, respectively. Based on that the above conclusions, a U-shaped pipe with the optimal height was designed, which can improve the low pressure leakage back pressure of the lubrication of the three-stage dynamic O-ring of the three stage seal.
2022 Vol. 40 (1): 68-73 [Abstract] ( 44 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 4833KB] ( 351 )
74 Effect on combination irrigation of low pressure 20PY2 impact sprinkler with and without aeration
XU Zhengdian,LI Hong,XIANG Qingjiang*,WANG Jinhui,JIANG Yue,LIU Jun
Based on the structure of the 20PY2 impact sprinkler,the principle of gas-liquid two-phase jet spray was applied to procedure a 20PY2 aeration impact sprinkler. At the low pressure, the combination irrigation effect of 20PY2 aeration impact sprinkler was studied and compared with 20PY2 impact sprinkler. The evaluation index was included the average irrigation intensity, evaporation drift values, combination uniformity coefficient and distribution uniformity coefficient. Meanwhile, the variable was included work pressure and combination distance. The experiment results show that: compared with the impact sprinkler, the range of the aeration impact sprinkler has little change, but the average sprinkler intensity of the aeration impact sprinkler increases with the increase of working pressure and decreases with the increase of combined distance. At the low pressure, the evaporation and drift value of aeration impact sprinkler at the wind speed of 1m/s is about 5%,and the optimal working pressure and the combination distance of its combination irrigation are 300 kPa and 1.1R, respectively. Aeration impact sprinkler have a better gradient between the peak and valley values of irrigation intensity. The average value of the peak interval and valley interval of the same number of measurement points tends to be the average irrigation intensity. The proportion of the peak interval and valley interval in the total irrigation intensity is lower and higher than that of the impact sprinkler. Therefore, the sprinkling irrigation effect of aeration sprinkler is superior to that of impact sprinklers.
2022 Vol. 40 (1): 74-79 [Abstract] ( 22 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2154KB] ( 407 )
80 Effect of reclaimed water quality and irrigation modes on cation exchange performances of red soil
WANG Hui*,LUO Lipeng,LIU Chang,TAN Shuai,HU Chuanwang
The original reclaimed water solution and its diluted 2, 4, and 6 times were selected as the irrigation water source, and irrigation with distilled water(CK)as control. Two irrigation modes named single irrigation with reclaimed water(4 treatments RW, RW-2, RW-4, RW-6)and alternate irrigation with reclaimed water and distilled water(4 treatments ARW, ARW-2, ARW-4, ARW-6)were used to study the effect on cation exchange performances of red soil. The results showed that compared with CK treatment, the exchangeable K+, Na+ and Mg2+ accumulated contents of each treatment under single irrigation mode increased by 121.08%, 520.65% and 16.22% on average, respectively, and decreased with the increase of dilution ratio of reclaimed water, the exchangeable K+ showed the most significant trend. Under alternate irrigation mode of reclaimed water and distilled water, the accumulated contents of exchangeable Na+ and Mg2+ increased by 997.45% and 18.89% on average, respectively, while exchangeable K+ did not accumulate. Under the two irrigation modes, the soil cation exchange capacity(CEC)of each treatment was not significantly higher than that of CK(p>0.05). Except for RW-4 and RW-6, the alkalinity(ESP)of the other treatments was significantly higher than that of CK(p<0.05), and ESP decreased with the increase of dilution ratio under the same irrigation mode. Under the same water quality alternative irrigation, the ESP was higher than that under single irrigation, showing weak alkaline or non-alkaline(ESP<10%). In the red soil region of Southern China, the potential risk of soil secondary salinization will be increased by using the alternative irrigation of reclaimed water and distilled water, while the single irrigation of reclaimed water can moderately reduce the risk.
2022 Vol. 40 (1): 80-86 [Abstract] ( 34 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1582KB] ( 319 )
87 Research and development trend of agricultural water-saving sprinkler and micro-irrigation equipment in China
LIU Junping,ZHU Xingye,YUAN Shouqi*,LI Hong,TANG Yue
Large sprinkler irrigation equipment also has some problems such as insufficient water vo-lume of single well, low intelligence of small and medium-sized sprinkler irrigation machines, low overall efficiency, poor adaptability to working conditions and insufficient serialization. The anti-blocking performance of micro-irrigation emitters under different water quality needs to be further streng-thened, and the accurate algorithm, practicability and reliability of intelligent decision-making of micro irrigation water and fertilizer integration system need to be improved. This new progress made in the research and development of sprinkler micro irrigation equipment in China since the 13th five year plan is summarized and focusing on the research and development progress of new products such as small and medium-sized sprinkler irrigation equipment, drip irrigation equipment and water fertilizer integration equipment. In view of the development trend of energy-saving, water-saving, inftelligent, regional modeling and standardization of irrigation equipment in China, the priority development directions of irrigation equipment are recommended. It mainly including: research on key technologies of energy saving and consumption reduction of irrigation equipment, agricultural irrigation equipment and technical model in hilly and mountainous areas, irrigation, drainage and salt control technology and equipment in saline alkali land, integration of water, fertilizer and medicine integration green prevention control technology equipment intelligent precision irrigation equipment, green multi-source complementary mode and unconventional water resource water-saving irrigation equipment.
2022 Vol. 40 (1): 87-96 [Abstract] ( 31 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1882KB] ( 494 )
97 Rolling contact fatigue performance of 316 stainless steel treated by laser shock processing
NIU Jianxin,DAI Fengze*,PEI Zhipeng,ZHENG Yueyang,GAO Huiming
The 316 stainless steel was subjected to laser shock processing(LSP), and the mechanical properties including the microhardness, surface roughness and residual stress were investigated. The rolling contact fatigue test was also conducted to compare the S-N curve with and without LSP. The results show that LSP can significantly improve the surface microhardness. When the single laser pulse energy is 6 J, the microhardness increases by 20%. The depth of the affected layer increases with the increase of laser energy. When the laser energy is 6 J, the depth of the affected layer is about 0.9 mm. With the increases of laser energy, the surface roughness also shows an upward trend, rising from 0.41 μm to 1.91 μm. In addition, LSP generates a residual compressive stress amplitude of up to 280 MPa on the surface of 316 stainless steel. The rolling contact fatigue experiment shows that LSP can effectively improve the contact fatigue performance of 316 stainless steel. The fatigue life of the untrea-ted specimen is about 4.72×104 and 1.08×105 times when the contact stress is 848 MPa and 708 MPa, respectively. While after LSP, the fatigue life of the specimen is increased by 2.1% and 15%, respectively, under the same stress conditions.
2022 Vol. 40 (1): 97-101 [Abstract] ( 64 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1641KB] ( 509 )
102 Structure design and hydraulic performance test of water and pesticide integrated sprinkler
ZHANG Qing,LIU Junping*,YUAN Shouqi,LI Yangfan,LI Hong
A new water-pesticide integrated sprinkler was designed by applying water medicine integrated technology to sprinkler irrigation system. An orthogonal array with five factors and four levels was selected to carry out the experiments, and the optimum values of structure parameters were confirmed after the experiments. The influence of the sprinkler structure on hydraulic performance, mainly include the flow rate, the range, the spraying net height and uniformity coefficient, under two operating pressures of 150 kPa and 350 kPa were analyzed. Then, the best structure combination of water medicine integrated nozzle is obtained. The results show that under the same conditions, increa-sing of sprinkler outlet diameter can effectively improve the sprinkler flow rate and uniformity coefficient. Under the same sprinkler outlet diameter, the spraying net height was increased with the increase of flow rate. The structures of the outlet holes and beveled grooves can effectively affect the hydraulic performance of the sprinkler. The influencing factors in decreasing order of importance for hydraulic performance were the sprinkler diameter, the outlet holes′ diameter, the bevelled grooves′ number, the bevelled grooves width, the outlet holes′ number. The optimum structural parameters of the sprinkler were the sprinklers diameter of 3 mm, three outlet holes, 2 mm of the outlet holes′ diameter, three be-velled grooves, 0.8 mm of the bevelled grooves width. The results provide certain important theoretical data for the design and development of the sprinkler and its engineering application.
2022 Vol. 40 (1): 102-108 [Abstract] ( 33 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2374KB] ( 349 )
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