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Journal of Drainage and Irrigation Machinery Engin
 
2014 Vol.32 Issue.6
Published 2014-06-25
article
Article
461 PIV measurement and numerical calculation for impeller inlet flow field in axial flow pump
Zhang Hua, Shi Weidong, Chen Bin, Zhang Desheng, Shao Peipei
The internal flow field for axial flow pumps is complex, especially the tip leakage in the end-wall region. This phenomenon can not only disturb the flow field at impeller inlet, but also play an important role in the flow within impeller passage. Therefore, the flow field close to impeller inlet was investigated using an approach combining CFD numerical method with the PIV measurement system to reveal the flow mechanism. The results of PIV show that: the distributions of streamlines and velocity contour are relatively uniform at 1.2Qopt and 1.0Qopt conditions, while at 0.8Qopt condition, a region with low velocity appears near the outer wall close to blade leading edge and the streamlines deflect to hub-side. Numerical results reveal that the predicted pump performance curves agree well with the experimental results, and the flow field at impeller inlet is consistent with the PIV results. Moreover, it is found that the flow direction in clearance for 5% blade tip height at 1.2Qopt condition is as the same as that for mainstream. For the case of 1.0Qopt, fluid within tip clearance mainly migrates along the circumference direction. Tip leakage flow arises as the flow rate decreases to 0.8Qopt, with separation phenomenon followed by adhesion in the clearance close to pressure surface side, forming a counterclockwise vortex due to the effect of collision and entrainment of leakage flow and mainstream on suction surface side.
2014 Vol. 32 (6): 461-465 [Abstract] ( 1754 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1823KB] ( 1698 )
466 Numerical simulation of flow field for axial pump saddle zone based on fluid-structure interaction
Luo Xin, Zheng Yuan, Zhang Xin
In order to analyze the structural problems of an axial pump impeller at unstable operation saddle zone and to study the stability of the structure, numerical simulation was applied to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equation by the finite volume method, and standard k-ε turbulence model was chosen in computation fluid dynamics software Fluent. The flow field and pump casing were calculated by one way fluid-solid coupling method in ANSYS Workbench, and stress distribution and total deformation distribution of the pump casing at different operating conditions were obtained and studied. The results show that an unsteady operation zone exits between 40% and 75% rated flow rate. The numerical simulation could accurately depict the flow field of the axial pump, and the unstable flow pattern of the pump device is gradually aggravating with the decreasing of flow rate. The stress of blade is markedly uneven and stress concentration occurs at the blade root, and with decreasing of flow rate, the maximum equivalent stress increases gradually, while the impeller structure satisfies the safety requirements. The maximum deformation occurs at the tip of blade inlet, and with the decrease of flow rate it increases and then decreases, while large deformation zone continues to expand. The research could provide reference for the safety and stable operation of axial flow pumps.
2014 Vol. 32 (6): 466-471 [Abstract] ( 1813 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2632KB] ( 1313 )
472 Analysis and optimization of structure in centrifugal pump based on fluid-structure interaction
Wang Haiyu, Zhang Desheng, Shi Weidong, Zhang Lei
In order to optimize the matching of impeller with extra-thick blades and volute in a centri-fugal pump, the structure displacement, equivalent stress and modes of different volutes were simulated by one-way coupling Fuild-Structure Interaction method. The ratio between basic circle diameter of volute and impeller diameter(D3/D2)is the main impact on the dynamic characteristics of volute, so it was chosen to design the simulation. When D3/D2 is small(case A), the un-uniform velocity distribution induced by jet-wake in blade outlet leads to the strong pressure pulsation and vibration of volute. However, dynamic parameters are weakened and tend to be stable when the ratio D3/D2 gradually increases(case B,C). Under the design conditions, the maximum displacement in case A is 544 μm, and the maximum equivalent stress is 15.7 MPa. In case B and C, the maximum displacement is reduced to 2.6%, 2.8% of case A, respectively, and the maximum equivalent stress is reduced to 14.8%, 22.9%, respectively. The numerical results of the three cases show that case A and B have similar dynamic characteristics, while case B is more stable. Consequently, it is recommended that, D3/D2 should be plausible around 1.13,which is chosen in case B, in designing a volute of centrifugal pumps with extra thick blades, for a good dynamic characteristics. 
2014 Vol. 32 (6): 472-476 [Abstract] ( 1599 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2103KB] ( 1678 )
477 Optimum design of automobile water pump based on CFD
Yang Yong, Jiang Wenping, Yang Kun, Chen Xiaodong, Hu Tiegang, Xie Rong, Gong Luyuan
Aiming at solving the problem that the water pump has low efficiency in the cooling system of a turbochargered PFI(port fuel injection)gasoline engine, a combined 1D and 3D CFD optimization simulation work was conducted. Firstly, according to maximum thermal load taken away by the engine cooling system, the total flow rate requirement of the water pump was determined. In addition, the required total head of the water pump was calculated numerically by a 1D CFD software Flowmaster. Based on the requirement of flow rate and head, the detailed geometry design of the pump was conducted. The centrifugal shrouded impeller was designed with the leading edge of the blade inclining to pressure side. The volute was designed by applying an trapezoidal cross section with expansion channel method. Finally, the impeller and volute were analyzed by a 3D CFD software, and redesign and optimization can be done. The computed results show that the calculated and experimental values are in excellent agreement, and the difference is less than 5%. The new designed water pump satisfies the requirement. In addition, the total efficiency of the new pump is increased by 26% while the NPSHR(net positive suction head)is decreased by 0.4 m. The pressure contour results demonstrate that the pressure distribution in the new pump is more uniform. Due to the elimination of low velocity vortex in original volute, the energy loss is decreased and the energy transfer efficiency is increased in this new pump.
2014 Vol. 32 (6): 477-481 [Abstract] ( 1879 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1894KB] ( 1996 )
482 PIV experimental study on unsteady internal flow field in low-specific-speed sewage pump
Wang Zhen, Chen Bin, Zhang Hua, Hu Qixiang, Gao Biao
Through modifying the structure of a traditional electromechanical integrated sewage pump, the test pump sector suitable for PIV measurement was obtained with plexiglas as impeller and volute material and with half-spiral suction chamber for changing flow direction. To shoot the flow field on the middle section of impeller at five different relative positions of impeller and volute under three different conditions, synchronous device as shaft encoder was adopted with hollow glassy microspheres acting as tracer particle, and fine results were finally achieved.From PIV measurement results, the internal flow field shows good axisymmetrical distributions at any time under conditions of 1.4Qd and 1.0Qd, while at extremely small flow rate 0.2Qd, the internal flow field becomes disordered and presents obvious non-axisymmetry. For passage A at five shooting moments, as it passes through the location of volute tongue, the relative velocity distribution gradient on outlet circumference as well as the strength and dimension of vortex at small flow rate are all subject to the intense interference of tongue. As for passage C, at extremely small flow rate, flow separation near pressure surface is intensifying to form vortex blocking most of the passage.
2014 Vol. 32 (6): 482-486 [Abstract] ( 1481 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 6513KB] ( 1379 )
487 Effect of Gezhouba Dajiang discharge on space distribution features of Chinese sturgeon spawning grounds
Wang Yu, Dai Huichao,, Mao Jingqiao, Peng Xiuhua
Gezhouba dam building blocks the migration route of the Chinese sturgeon, forcing to form new spawning grounds under the gezhouba dam 4 km range, therefore, Gezhouba discharge would affect the spatial distribution of the Chinese sturgeon spawning grounds. For studying the effect of Dajiang power plant discharge variation on the spatial distribution characteristics of Chinese sturgeon spawning habitat suitability under the condition of Gezhouba small discharge, a deep analysis and research was made on the basis of 3D hydrodynamic mathematical model and spawning habitat evaluation model of Chinese sturgeon spawning grounds. Results show that the increasing of Dajiang power plant unit discharge by within 200 m3/s can increase the Chinese sturgeon spawning habitat suitable values, which is beneficial to promote Chinese sturgeon naturally reproduce. The increase of each unit discharge in Dajiang power has a certain impact on spatial distribution of the Chinese sturgeon spawning grounds. When each unit flow increases less than 200 m3/s, the area of Chinese sturgeon spawning grounds would enlarge, and spawning location would expand from the right bank to the left bank, while Chinese sturgeon would get broader spawning space. The conclusion can provide reference for the ecological benefits of Gezhouba units under increasing capacity operation. 
2014 Vol. 32 (6): 487-493 [Abstract] ( 1968 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2645KB] ( 1648 )
494 Drainage planning for plain areas based on coupled hydrodynamic model
Wang Yu, Cao Mingkai, Yang Chenxia, Wang Jun
In the coastal plain tidal river network with a main feature of a complicated flow pattern which is highly influenced by the boundary condition and reservoir regulation, 1D and 2D hydrodyna-mic modeling were established for the river network and the lake area, respectively, based on the ground rules of reservoirs storage capacity, multi-reservoir jointly operation and priority gate operation. The important principle of model coupling is that water level and discharge simulated by 1D and 2D model are equal respectively at the junction section. Taking the drainage planning in Liaodong Bay A-rea for example, four schemes were analyzed and the optimal size of the flood drainage gate and river cross-section were achieved. The results show that when the river cross-section remains unchanged in Scheme I and Scheme Ⅱ, the small-size flood drainage gate leads to the higher water level of the upstream. The enlargement of river cross-section has little effect on the water level when the size of flood drainage gate remains unchanged in Scheme Ⅲ and Scheme IV. Considering the perspective of drai-nage capacity and economic point of view, Scheme IV can be found as the optimal scheme. Obviously, the results could provide a technical support and reference for the local project design and the developing of the drainage planning.
2014 Vol. 32 (6): 494-499 [Abstract] ( 1998 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1544KB] ( 1665 )
500 Experimental research on technique of demolding with punch pressing of upstream pumping grooves on sealing rings
Fu Yonghong, Yuan Zhichao, Hua Xijun, Xiao Kailong, Yang Yegang
To solve the problem of existing sticky mold in punch pressing upstream pumping grooves on sealing rings of SiC, the study was carried out in the aspects of mold structure, selection of mold release agent, speed of compression and depressurization, et al. The single factor analysis method was used, and lots of test with hydraulic forming machine was conducted for parameters optimization. The results show that the most available structure of mold is a draft angle of 11°-15°on the two sides of the small spiral pieces with a radius of transition fillet with 0.1-0.2 mm on the areas of the bottom corners. Two kinds of combinations were chosen on the selection of mold release agent with their properties and experimental results, one is the combination of molybdenum disulfide of solid lubricant and vaseline, and the other is the combination of lithium base grease and anti-wear hydraulic oil. The appearance of former method is better than latter one, but the process of application is more complicated while the productivity is lower. Pressing speed and holdup time hardly impacts demolding, while depressurization rate has obvious impacts. The optimum depressurization rate is 2-5 MPa/s. In addition, according to the property of SiC and appearance of pumping grooves, the reasons that other kinds release agent cannot meet the requirements were analyzed.
2014 Vol. 32 (6): 500-504 [Abstract] ( 1332 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1991KB] ( 1293 )
505 Fault diagnose system of governor hydraulic servo system
Fan Mingshu, Guo Jiang, Zhang Kefei, Yuan Fang, Zeng Hongtao
The normal operation of the governor hydraulic servo system has great influences on the operating characteristics and economic performance indicators of the whole hydro unit. In the practical situations that only basic online-monitoring and fault diagnose are achieved in present governing system, based on the analysis of the physical structure, the operating principle and fault mechanism of the hydraulic servo was studied using the improved fault mode effects and critical analysis(FMECA)which is used for the clarity of the function, fault mode, fault reason and fault effect of the equipment to qualitative analysis, and the distributed physical grid model of the hydraulic servo was established. According to the characteristic indexes obtained by the simulation model, a fault diagnose method was proposed. Simulation analysis taken from the jam faults of hydrovalve in the starting up procedure was given, and based on the different output of the frequency, guide vane opening, electro-hydraulic converter and PID, the corresponding fault was estimated. From the case analysis, this method is proved to be simple, reliable and accurate,and the fault in the system can be allocated which provides the decision basis for the operating of high efficiency and daily maintenance.
2014 Vol. 32 (6): 505-510 [Abstract] ( 1928 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1644KB] ( 1677 )
511 Design of highly-accuracy diverter for primary water flow standard facility
Zhu Lei, Zhang Jianguang, Zhang Haiping, Chen Ying, Meng Xiaochao
A new high-accuracy diverter for primary water flow standard facility has been developed by hydraulic machinery laboratory at IWHR, China. As the core of water calibration facility, diverter determines the test accuracy. Diverter uncertainty test was performed according to China verification code of JJG 164—2000, getting the result that combined standard uncertainty of diverter UDrel is less than 0.015%(k=2). In order to analyze the dynamic principal characteristic, numerical simulation method was adopted, which employs VOF multiphase model and k-ε turbulence model to obtain the water volume fraction inside diverter and to calculate the collecting rate for different positions. By high-speed camera, the operation procedure of the diverter has been obtained, and the dynamic curve and the ti-ming trigger position have been achieved. The results have been applied to calibrate large flow in situ and large diameter flowmeter.
2014 Vol. 32 (6): 511-516 [Abstract] ( 2127 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1767KB] ( 1857 )
517 Pilot scale SBR process for removal of synthetic ammonium wastewater
Huang Tianyin, Liu Feng, Wang Chuanqi, Zhou Biao, Wu Wei
Based on the traditional SBR, a new pilot SBR system was established for the treatment of a high-strength ammonia nitrogen wastewater in order to research the effective treatment process. The effects of the nitrogen removal were emphatically studied. The results show that the optimum operating parameters gained is as follow: the inflow time is 1.5 h, the aeration time is 9 h, the aeration rate is 80 m3/h, the anaerobic stir time is 3 h, sedimentation time is 50 min, and the effluent time is 1.5 h. The SBR effluent meets the demands of the first class standard for synthetic ammonia industry wastewater of GB 13458—2001 "Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard" when the removal rates of COD, NH+4-N and TN were equal to 91%, 87% and 83%, respectively.
2014 Vol. 32 (6): 517-522 [Abstract] ( 1312 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1703KB] ( 1349 )
523 Application of CPSP model to agricultural water management in well irrigation region in North China
Peng Zhigong,, Liu Yu,, Xu Di,, Wang Lei,, Zhang Baozhong,
In order to study the variation of the regional water use and the water consumption under different water resources management measures, the CPSP model was selected as the regional water balance analysis tool in Beijing Daxing county. The regional water resources consumption, the regional water withdrawals and the water situation indicators were analyzed under different water management measures such as high water use efficiency, deficit irrigation, good crop structure and water resources importation, et al. The results show that, for water shortage region, the pressure of water resources shortage could be alleviated under different water management measures, such as high water use efficiency, deficit irrigation and improved crop structure. Especially, the quality of water withdrawals and water consumption could be decreased apparently under the deficit irrigation and the improved crop structure. Meanwhile, the proportion of surface water resources and groundwater resources recharge from returned water would be reduced. In a word, once the effective water resources management measures are put into use, it would be benefited to ease the pressure of the regional water shortage and reduce the risk of being polluted by the returned water. In addition, with the rapid economic development and the continuous population growth, the water use quantity will be increased sharply, which would cause the worse contradiction between supply and demand of water resource. To assure the vir-tuous cycle of water resources, the effective water resources management measures should be put into use such as high water use efficiency, good crop structure and water resources importation et al.
2014 Vol. 32 (6): 523-528 [Abstract] ( 1421 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1439KB] ( 1457 )
529 Evaluation of irrigation scheme with high quality and efficiency for greenhouse grown tomato
Liu Hao, Duan Aiwang, Sun Jingsheng, Ning Huifeng, Wang Feng
This study was conducted to find an irrigation scheme for greenhouse grown tomato with high quality and efficiency based on evaporation determination from a 20 cm standard diameter pan placed above the crop canopy. Three irrigation intervals based on accumulate pan evaporation(Epan)values and four irrigation level combination treatments were designed. By means of results of plot experiment in greenhouse, the evaluation system of irrigation scheme with water saving and good quality for greenhouse grown tomato was determined by five main indexes such as tomato yield, water use efficiency, mean fruit weight, content of soluble solids and fruit firmness. Based on the weight of each index calculated by varia-tion coefficient method, a comprehensive evaluation model with high quality, yield and efficiency was further established with TOPSIS method. Using the evaluation model, irrigation scheme with water sa-ving and good quality was determined based on pan evaporation. Irrigation was occurred when Epan reached 10 mm±2 mm with 0.9 Epan irrigation water applied, which could improve water utilization efficiency, fruit nutritional and storage quality in some certain extent without yield reduction.
2014 Vol. 32 (6): 529-534 [Abstract] ( 1703 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1452KB] ( 1439 )
535 Formula deduction and numerical solution of infiltration and runoff equation on Loessial Hillslope
Li Binbing, Huang Lei
From the modified Green - Ampt infiltration equation, the differential form of the equation was changed into transcendental equation solution by the mathematical derivation, therefore, the calculation process was simplified. Considering the slope movement wave equation, the derivation process and four implicit difference solution methods were provided. The simplified transcendental infiltration equation was calculated by Newton iteration and fourth order runge-kutta algorithm, and the convergence and stability of the equation was guaranteed, when the accuracy of the Newton iterative calculation is higher than the runge-kutta method. Three rainfall scouring experiments with the constant rainfall intensity were carried out to validate the simulation on infiltration, and the flow with a grid precision of 1 mm was generated by the DEM data obtained from the Lidar. The results show that the si-mulation results of slope surface flow process are in good agreement with the measured data, and infiltration errors can be controlled within 12%, while the flow rate error can be within 13.1%. The simulated infiltration rate and the flow rate are larger than that in the measured results, and the simulated infiltration rate error and flow rate error are positively correlated.
2014 Vol. 32 (6): 535-540 [Abstract] ( 1653 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1690KB] ( 1253 )
541 Influence of fertilizer solution concentration on transfer and transform of soil moisture and nitrogen under intersection film hole irrigation
Tuo Yunfei, Wang Keqin, Zhang Lijuan, Fei Liangjun
The formulas were obtained by analyzing the indoor experimental data of the distributing character of soil moisture and the transfer and transform of nitrogen under the condition of multidirection intersection film hole irrigation. The empirical formulas were put forward to indicate the relationship in wetting body among the soil moisture with the decreased quantity and rate, the soil ammonium nitrogen with the transformed quantity and rate, nitrate nitrogen with the transformed quantity and rate, fertilizer solution concentration and the infiltration time. The results show that the correlation coefficients of empirical formulas are all bigger than 0.900 0, while the standard errors are very small. Therefore, by the significance test of 0.05, it can be concluded that the formulas can reflect the law for the distributing character of soil moisture and the transfer and transform of nitrogen under the condition of multidirection intersection film hole irrigation with different fertilizer solution concentrations. It provides the scientific foundation for improving the utilization efficiency of soil moisture and nitrogen under the condition of film hole irrigation.
2014 Vol. 32 (6): 541-546 [Abstract] ( 1450 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1700KB] ( 1274 )
547 Effects of soil moisture, nitrogen and superabsorbent polymers on water and nitrogen use of arabica coffee
Liu Xiaogang, Yin Xin, Fu Na, Yang Qiliang, Yang Xinrong
To explore the optimal mode of water and nitrogen management and effective utilization of young arabica coffee tree, using two water levels, i.e. middle water WM, 65%~80% of soil field capacity(FC)and low water(WL, 50%~65%FC), three nitrogen levels, i.e. high nitrogen(NH, 0.4 g/kg air-dried soil), low nitrogen(NL, 0.20 g/kg air-dried soil)and no nitrogen(NZ, 0), two SAP levels, i.e. added SAP(SH, 1 kg/m3)and no SAP(SZ, 0), the effects of soil moisture, nitrogen and superabsorbent polymers(SAP)on accumulation of water and nitrogen, dry mass production and use of water as well as nitrogen in root-zone of young arabica coffee tree were studied. The results show that, compared to WL, WM can increase total dry mass, water use efficiency(WUE), total nitrogen uptake(TNU)and nitrogen dry matter production efficiency(NDMPE)by 86.0%, 36.4%, 73.1% and 5.3%, respectively. Compared to NZ, NL and NH has the same effect on WUE and TNU increment. Compared to SZ, SH can increase soil NO-3-N content, total dry mass, WUE and TNU by 21.9%~43.0%, 78.3%, 68.9% and 91.2%, respectively, while NDMPE is redued by 10.0%. Under the condition of middle water(65%~80%FC)and low nitrogen(0.2 g/kg dry soil), SAP can effectively regulate soil moisture and nitrogen environment, and can promote dry mass production and increase water and nitrogen use efficiency. Therefore, WMNLSH is the optimum combination of water and nitrogen efficient use in the experiment.
2014 Vol. 32 (6): 547-552 [Abstract] ( 2163 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1535KB] ( 1311 )
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