|
|
|
| Migration and transformation of Cd and Cr in paddy soil-plant system under controlled irrigation |
| Peng Shizhang1, Qiao Zhenfang1,2, Xu Junzeng1, Zhang Jiangang3, Jin Xiaoping3 |
| 1.State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, China; 2.Water Conservancy Bureau of Ejin Horo Banner, Ejin Horo Banner, Inner Mongolia 017200, China; 3. Water Conservancy Technology Promotion Station of Kunshan, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, China |
|
|
|
|
Abstract The aim of this study is to determine the effects of irrigation pattern on leaching, migration, and transformation of Cd and Cr in a paddy soil-plant system. The concentrations of Cd and Cr in rice plant and paddy soil were measured in field plot experiments. The results showed that the leaching contents of Cd and Cr were reduced by 53.3% and 19.3% under controlled irrigation compared with flooding irrigation, thus the contents of Cd and Cr in paddy soil were decreased under the controlled irrigation; but there is no significant difference in Cd and Cr contents between controlled and flooding irrigation for the paddy soil after fertilization. The contents of Cd and Cr in 0-20 cm depth paddy soil were decreased by 1.2% and 0.6% in controlled irrigation compared with flooding one, suggesting irrigation pattern leads to different binding forms of Cd and Cr in the paddy soil. In most of time, the accumulated contents of Cd and Cr in the plant bodies above and under soil were higher in controlled irrigation than in flooding irrigation, implying the controlled irrigation can enhance Cd and Cr concentrations in plants. The Cd content in rice seeds was near the tolerance(0.2 mg/kg)in food products re-commended by National Food Safety Standard, China, but the Cr content was higher than the corresponding tolerance(1.0 mg/kg)in food products in controlled and flooding irrigation, thus there is a potential risk in Cr content over the tolerance. Clearly, these two kinds of irrigation are unhelpful in prevention from heavy metal pollution, and the rice seeds produced in those irrigation patterns can affect human health.
|
|
Received: 05 December 2012
|
|
|
|
| [1]于君宝,董洪芳,王慧彬,等.黄河三角洲新生湿地土壤金属元素空间分布特征[J].湿地科学,2011, 9(4): 297-304. Yu Junbao, Dong Hongfang,Wang Huibin, et al. Spatial distribution characteristics of metals in new-born coastal wetlands in the Yellow River delta [J]. Wetland Science, 2011, 9(4): 297-304.(in Chinese)[2]梁丽娜,黄雅曦,杨合法,等.污泥农用对土壤和作物重金属累积及作物产量的影响[J].农业工程学报, 2009, 25(6): 81-86. Liang Lina, Huang Yaxi, Yang Hefa, et al. Effects of farmland application of sewage sludge on crop yields and heavy metal accumulation in soil and crop [J]. Tran-sactions of the CSAE, 2009, 25(6):81-86.(in Chinese)[3]姬艳芳,李永华,杨林生,等.湘西凤凰铅锌矿区典型土壤剖面中重金属分布特征及其环境意义[J].环境科学学报, 2009,29(5): 1094-1102. Ji Yanfang, Li Yonghua, Yang Linsheng, et al. Spatial distribution and ecological significance of heavy metals in typical soil profiles in the Fenghuang lead-zinc mining area, Western Hunan province [J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2009, 29(5): 1094-1102.(in Chinese)[4]Majid N M, Islam M M, Justin V, et al. Evaluation of heavy metal uptake and translocation by Acacia mangium as a phytoremediator of copper contaminated soil[J]. African Journal of Biotechnology, 2011, 10(42):8373-8379.[5]Belaid N, Neel C, Kallel M, et al. Long term effects of treated wastewater irrigation on calcisol fertility: A case study of Sfax-Tunisia[J].Agricultural Sciences,2012, 3(5): 702-713.[6]茆智. 水稻节水灌溉及其对环境的影响[J].中国工程科学, 2002, 4(7): 8-16. Mao Zhi. Water saving irrigation for rice and its effect on environment[J].Engineering Science,2002,4(7):8-16.(in Chinese)[7]Zhang Hao, Li Hongwei, Yuan Liming, et al. Post-anthesis alternate wetting and moderate soil drying enhances activities of key enzymes in sucrose-to-starch conversion in inferior spikelets of rice[J]. Journal of Experimental Botany,2012,63(1):215-227.[8]彭世彰,庞桂斌,徐俊增,等. 节水灌溉条件下水稻气孔导度模型的改进[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(4): 19-23. Peng Shizhang, Pang Guibin, Xu Junzeng,et al. Improvement of stomatal conductance models of rice under water-saving irrigation treatment[J].Transactions of the CSAE, 2009, 25(4):19-23.(in Chinese)[9]Ros G H, Hoffland E, Van Kessel C. Extractable and dissolved soil organic nitrogen—A quantitative assessment[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2009,41(6):1029-1039.[10]Liang Pei, Cao Jing, Liu Rui, et al. Determination of trace rare earth elements by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry after preconcentration with immobilized nanometer titanium dioxide[J]. Microchimica Acta, 2007, 159(1/2):35-40.[11]Long Yuyang, Hu Lifang, Fang Chengran. An evaluation of the modified BCR sequential extraction procedure to assess the potential mobility of copper and zinc in MSW [J]. Microchemical Journal,2009, 91(1):1-5.[12]Kato Y, Kamoshita A, Abe J, et al. Improvement of rice growth in upland conditions with deep tillage and mulch [J]. Soil and Tillage Research, 2007,92(1/2):30-44.[13]潘圣刚,曹凑贵,蔡明历,等. 不同灌溉模式下氮肥水平对水稻氮素利用效率、产量及其品质的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(2):283-289. Pan Shenggang, Cao Cougui, Cai Mingli, et al.Effects of nitrogen application on nitrogen use efficiency, grain yields and qualities of rice under different water regimes[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2009,15(2):283-289.(in Chinese)[14]Li Tingqiang, Di Zhenzhen, Yang Xiaoe,et al. Effects of dissolved organic matter from the rhizosphere of the hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii on sorption of zinc and cadmium by different soils[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2011,192(3):1616-1622.[15]Bekkouche S, Baup S, Bouhelassa M,et al. Competitive adsorption of phenol and heavy metal ions onto titanium dioxide[J]. Desalination and Water Treatment, 2012,37(1/2/3):364-372.[16]Blecken G T, Zinger Y, Deletic A, et al. Influence of intermittent wetting and drying conditions on heavy metal removal by stormwater biofilters [J].Water Research,2009, 43(18):4590-4598.[17]Brazauskiene D M, Paulauskas V, Sabiene N. Speciation of Zn, Cu and Pb in the soil depending on soil texture and fertilization with sewage sludge compost[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2008, 8(3):184-192.[18]Fest E P M J, Temminghoff E J M, Comans R N J, et al. Partitioning of organic matter and heavy metals in a sandy soil: Effects of extractingsolution, solid to liquid ratio and pH [J].Geoderma,2008,146(1/2):66-74.[19]Nogueira P F M, Meläo M G G, Lombardi A T. et al. Natural DOM affects copper speciation and bioavailability to bacteria and ciliate[J]. Arch Environ Contam To-xicol, 2009, 57(2):274-281.[20]Blossfeld S, Perriguey J, Sterckeman T, et al. Rhizosphere pH dynamics in trace-metal-contaminated soils, monitored with planar pH optodes[J]. Plant Soil, 2010, 330(1/2):173-184.[21]GB2762—2012食品中污染物限量 [S].北京: 中国标准出版社,2012. |
|
|
|
