As government assistance is a major policy in Chinas poverty alleviation work, objective evaluation of the impact of such a policy on the future poverty of rural families is of great significance to rural revitalization. The present study analyzes the impact of government assistance on villagers poverty vulnerability by using the panel data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) in 2010, 2014, and 2018 in rural areas across the country, and the difference in differencespropensity score matching (PSMDID) method. The results show that: government assistance has not effectively reduced the villagers poverty vulnerability; instead it has increased the probability of their returning to poverty in the future. A further analysis of the mechanism shows that the existing government assistance policies are fairly inaccurate in targeting the poor, and fail to strengthen the villagers willingness of developing economy, which has obvious mediating effect between government assistance and poverty vulnerability. As a result,  government assistance can hardly reduce the possibility of villagers refalling into poverty in the future.