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Journal of Drainage and Irrigation Machinery Engin
 
2020 Vol.38 Issue.11
Published 2020-11-25
1
2020 Vol. 38 (11): 1- [Abstract] ( 23 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2909KB] ( 383 )
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2020 Vol. 38 (11): 2- [Abstract] ( 22 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1205KB] ( 469 )
1081 Review on research status of internal flow and technological development of reactor coolant pump
LONG Yun*,YUAN Shouqi,ZHU Rongsheng,FU Qiang,LI Tianbin
The reactor coolant pump is the only high-speed rotating equipment in the reactor coolant system. It is the most critical equipment affecting the safety and reliability of nuclear power plants.Its long-term efficient, stable and safe operation is extremely important to prevent nuclear power plant accidents. In recent years, with the rapid development of the global nuclear power industry, the importance of the reactor coolant pump has attracted widespread attention. The reactor coolant pump is a component of the pressure boundary of the primary circuit. Under transient and catastrophic extreme conditions such as start and stop, earthquake, or tsunami such as shaft jamming, shaft seal leakage or loss of external power, the balance between the reactor coolant pump cooling capacity and heat released from the reactor is disrupted, seriously threatening the safety of the reactorcore. The complexity and high safety of the key components of the reactor coolant pump and its associated systems under various complex working conditions are the main reasons for the extreme difficulty in manufactu-ring the reactor coolant pump. Firstly, the development history of nuclear power technology is discussed, then the world′s main third-generation nuclear power technologies and the current status of China third-generation nuclear power construction and development is followed.Specially, China own third-generation technology, such as Hualong No.1—HPR1000 and Guohe No.1—CAP1400 reactor coolant pumps is described. Further, and the third-generation pressurized water reactor system and key equipment explained briefly using the CAP reactor coolant pumpseries as an example. Two typical shaft sealless pumps: canned motor reactor coolant pump and wet winding reactor coolant pump are introduced. The current research status of internal flow of the reactor coolant pump is presented, including hydraulic optimization design, complete characteristics, hydraulic performance under accident conditions, gas-liquid two-phase flow, cavitation characteristics, fluid-structure coupling, etc.The safety and reliability of the reactor coolant pump are extremely important, but the design, processing and ma-nufacturing of the pump are also quite challenging. Therefore, in-depth investigation into the basic theory of internal flow and key technology of the reactor coolant pump, breaking through foreign technical barriers, mastering the core and key technologies with own intellectual property rights, and realizing the leap-forward development in reactor coolant pump technology are current stranglehold problems that China needs to solve urgently.
2020 Vol. 38 (11): 1081-1097 [Abstract] ( 44 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1564KB] ( 778 )
1098 Operational efficiency optimization of centrifugal water injection pump station
WANG Zenglin,LIU Gang*,LI Zengliang,FAN Chunyong,ZHANG Jitong,DONG Xiangwei,LIU Bin
In order to make the operation combination of centrifugal water injection pump station more reasonable and reduce its energy consumption, the operation of centrifugal water injection pump station was optimized by minimizing the objective function of consumed power in the paper. A solution procedure forthis optimization problem was obtained, and the optimized results include series-parallel connection modes of various pumps and rotative speed of each pump.According to the result content above, an operation optimization software of centrifugal water injection pump station was composed and applied to the water injection pump station in a specific oil field. The optimized mode will serve as an update operation mode of the station.In this mode, the pump consumed power is in the minimum. The results show that the series-parallel connection and speed regulation of centrifugal pumps can allow them as many as possible to run in the high efficiency zone under certain operating conditions.When the complete enumeration method is used to search the optimum operation combination at a duty point, the discrete optimization problem of pump combination can be transformed into a convenient non-linear programming problem.Fortunately, this nonlinear programming problem can be solved by fimicon function in Matlab. The results can provide a reference for operation optimization or technical transformation of the water injection pump station.
2020 Vol. 38 (11): 1098-1104 [Abstract] ( 35 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2047KB] ( 534 )
1105 PIV measurement of internal flow field in open-impeller flow passages of centrifugal pulp pump
ZHANG Qihua*,YAN Zhaoxu,ZHANG Weidong,KANG Shun
In order to investigate the influence of fiber particles on liquid flow field in the open impeller of a centrifugal pulp pump, the model pump was constructed by using plexiglas materials, and the flow in the impeller passages was visualized by PIV experimentally with water and 0.1% hair fiber suspension, respectively. The experimental results showe that the flow in the impeller passages is stable at high flow rates, and there are no vortex and low-velocity region in the passages. At low flow rates, a low-velocity zone starts to occur near the blade pressure side in the middle portion of a passage when it rotates close to the volute tongue. Additionally, the size of the low-velocity zone gradually increases with decreasing distance of the passage to the tongue and reducing flow rate. Specially, there is no obvious low-velocity zone generated in the passages far away from the tongue.Due to blade twist, the re-lative velocity varies in the blade spanwise direction, and the smaller the twist, the less the velocity varies.When transporting the hair fiber suspension, the relative velocity of liquid phase decreases in the impeller passages owing to the influence of hair fibers, resulting in an increased area of the low-velocity zone under low flow rate conditions.At high flow rates, the existence of hair fibers makes the relative velocity distribution of liquid phase fluid more uniform.
2020 Vol. 38 (11): 1105-1112 [Abstract] ( 40 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 4537KB] ( 518 )
1113 Numerical investigation on self-priming process of self-priming pump
FALL Ibra,PAN Zhongyong*,ZHANG Desheng,DESMOND Appiah,ALI Asad,YANG Bo
In order to investigate the self-priming process of self-priming pump, an unsteady simulation was conducted where the Navier-Stokes equations were used with the Lagrangian-Eularian model. In course of this investigation, the volume fractions, pressure distribution and self-priming time were carried out. By analyzing the volume, velocity and pressure distribution of the gas-liquid two-phase flow at different time, the two-phase content via the variation law of the two-phase flow in the pump was carried out. By monitoring and analyzing the gas-liquid flow at the outlet of the pump, the self-priming time and crucial periods were given. Two phenomena were mainly characterized by the self-priming process such as the gas-liquid mixing and separation, which occur in the early stage of self-priming process. During that period the gas-liquid mixing clouds appear on the outer edge of the impeller, and the instantaneous void fraction at the inlet and outlet of the impeller decreases obviously. It was also established from the transient study that the effects of gas have a major influence on the hydraulic performance of the pump at the early stage of operation. To increase the usage of self-priming pump and to also understand the energy conversion of the pump it is very essential to investigate and establish the basic working principle of the self-priming pump.
2020 Vol. 38 (11): 1113-1118 [Abstract] ( 47 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1997KB] ( 465 )
1119 Effects of guide vane opening on stress and strain of Francis turbine runner
SHI Guangtai,*,ZHU Yuzhi,LIU Zongku,LI Jin,
In order to study the stress and strain of Francis turbine runner, the theory of one-way fluid-structure interaction was adopted, and the Workbench platform was employed to carry out numerical simulations of this one-way fluid-structure interaction. In the simulation process, firstly, the ANSYS CFX software and the standard k-ε turbulence model were used to calculate the three-dimensional flow pattern in the turbine. Secondly, the flow field static pressure was transmitted to the runner solid surfaces by static structural module, and then a coupling simulation was performed, and the stress and deformation distribution rules of the runner were obtained. Finally, the numerical results were validated with the experimental results. The results show that at 100% opening, from the lowest head to the rated head, and from the rated head to the highest head, the maximum principal stress and equivalent stress of the runner increase by 9.8% and 15.9%, respectively. In addition, at different guide vane openings, the transient larger deformation, maximum principal stress and maximum equivalent stress of the turbine runner are mainly concentrated in the junction of the blade trailing edge and the cone(hub)and at the trailing edge near the shroud. Specially, with increasing guide vane opening, these values are amplified gradually, particularly, at the trailing edge near the shroud. Because that location is thinner, a fatigue failure is prone to occur there under the repeated action of an alternating stress; nevertheless, cracks and fractures are more likely to appear there as well.
2020 Vol. 38 (11): 1119-1124 [Abstract] ( 42 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3637KB] ( 643 )
1125 Computational and experimental study on hydraulic loss in water pipeline with entrapped air and siphon head
ZHANG Jinfeng*,CAI Haikun,FANG Yujian,CHEN Shengbo,XU Jie,LI Yalin
To explore the influence of entrapped air in a water pipeline on its hydraulic loss, a small slope siphon test rig, which is an undulating pipe with a long downward sloping pipeline, was built. Experiments were carried out under different inlet conditions, namely natural inlet, low siphon inlet and high siphon inlet(with a multi-hole siphon head). At first, an entrapped air resistance factor β was innovatively introduced to account for the increase of hydraulic loss due to the entrapped air in a pipe, and the formulas for determining the flow resistance in the pipe were deduced. Then, the flow resistance characteristics of the pipe were analyzed based on the experimental data obtained under diffe-rent inlet conditions with and without entrapped air. The mechanism for entrapped air to increase flow resistance was verified. The results show that the entrapped air can reduce the effective flow cross-sectional area and increase the hydraulic loss in the water pipeline considerably, and the more the numbers of undulations and pipe fittings in the pipeline, the larger the entrapped air resistance factor β. Compared with natural inlet, a siphon inlet can reduce the hydraulic friction factor of the pipeline, and the hydraulic friction factor is the smallest for the high siphon inlet. If a multi-hole siphon head is designed properly, the multi-hole structure can automatically adjust its own resistance and opening according to the flow rate in the pipeline, then can effectively control the air flow rate at the pipeline inlet, eventually, reduces the hydraulic loss in the pipeline.
2020 Vol. 38 (11): 1125-1130 [Abstract] ( 41 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2367KB] ( 587 )
1131 Friction factor-based analysis of influence factors of spiral-grooved seal on performance
LI Yibin*,LI Jianzhong,BAI Xiaobang
In order to reveal the mechanism that working parameters influence the performance and internal flow of spiral-grooved seals and obtain selection ranges and interrelationships of the parameters, a friction factor was used as a dimensionless indictor for evaluating the performance of spiral-grooved seals. At first, a 3D model of a spiral-grooved seal and its structured-mesh block were built. Then, the spiral angle, relative groove width and relative groove depth were selected, and the characteristic curves of friction factor of spiral-grooved seals are predicted against axial Reynolds number by Fluent software based on the RANS equations. The internal flow field features were analyzed too. The results show that the friction factor decreases with increasing axial Reynolds number, and the decrement gets smaller and smaller. When the spiral angle is 21.05° or the width is 0.5, the friction factor reaches the maximum value and the sealing performance is the best. When the relative groove depth is 3, the sealing performance is the best. This study can provide a theoretical basis for the design of spiral-grooved seals.
2020 Vol. 38 (11): 1131-1137 [Abstract] ( 57 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3023KB] ( 502 )
1138 Hydraulic characteristics analysis and flow field calculation of inclined tee pipes based on CFD
XU Hu,WU Wenyong,*,WANG Zhenhua,WANG Qiuliang
The flow field in inclined straight tee pipes under the action of gravity was simulated by using ANSYS Fluent 18.0 to explore the hydraulic characteristics of the pipes at different inclination angles, and reveal the correlation among inlet Reynolds number, inclination angle between main pipe and branch pipe and minor head loss coefficient. The physical models of the tee pipes with different inclination angles were established in Solidworks 2016, the mesh in the fluid domain was generated by ANSYS 18.0 meshing module, and the flow visualization was done in Tecplot software. The results showed that ζ1 and ζ12 are increased with increasing Reynolds number, but after the Reynolds number is larger than 127616, they decrease slowly. ζ13 shows an increasing tendencyf, but ζ12 exhibits the tendency of decrease with increasing tee inclination angle. At the same Reynolds number, when the inclination is less than 90°, the pressure is more evenly distributed, when the angle is greater than 90°, however, a low-pressure zone starts to appear. The velocity contours and streamlines were disordered and present irregular patterns with increasing inclination angle. The turbulence intensity increases with increasing inclination angle. In practical production and application, the inclination angle of inclined straight tee pipes should be designed as small as possible to reduce energy loss and improve flow capacity.
2020 Vol. 38 (11): 1138-1144 [Abstract] ( 62 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3009KB] ( 752 )
1145 Effect of turbulence generator diameter ratio on fluid viscosity in shear chamber
LIU Zailun,WANG Hu*,LU Weiqiang,SU Danfeng
To find out influences of turbulence generator diameter ratio on pulp viscosity in a shear chamber, a new design method was proposed for the turbulence generator. Five turbulence generators with different diameter ratios, namely 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9 were designed. Then the viscosity distribution in the shear chamber with these generators was analyzed in terms of viscosity mean and standard deviation based on CFD numerical simulations when the sanitary pulp with 12.5% consistency was used as pumped medium. It turned out that the whole value of fluid viscosity in the shear chamber decreased gradually as the diameter ratio raised from 0.5 to 0.9, and the viscosity distribution in the chamber was the most uniform when the diameter ratio was 0.7. In different axial cross-sections in the chamber, it was found that with increasing diameter ratio a phenomenon where the fluid with high viscosity was separated from the fluid with low viscosity occurred at the inlet to the chamber, and the fluid viscosity at the outlet to the chamber decreased gradually. In the same section, the fluid viscosity varied regularly in the radius direction, and there was a minimum viscosity at the tip of the turbulence generator. As the diameter ratio is increased, the minimum viscosity was lowered gradually, and its position moved along the radius increasing direction.
2020 Vol. 38 (11): 1145-1151 [Abstract] ( 54 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 4924KB] ( 464 )
1152 Analysis and prediction of grain water footprint in Heilongjiang province based on time series model
LI Tong,DONG Weihong*,ZHANG Qichen,WEN Chuanlei
The water footprint of main grain crops in Heilongjiang province from 2000 to 2017 was calculated by using CROPWAT 8.0 model, and the water footprint of grain crops in the province from 2018 to 2022 was predicted by using autoregression moving average(ARIMA)model. From 2000 to 2017, the total water footprint of grain crops increased by 2.84 times. Specially, the water footprint of maize fluctuated in between 0.47 and 1.07 m3/kg, while the water footprints of soybean, wheat and rice were in 1.35-2.39 m3/kg, 1.12-2.99 m3/kg, and 1.76-1.41 m3/kg, respectively. The proportion of green water footprint of wheat was the highest(72.74%), followed by corn(66.26%)and soybean(64.59%). The proportion of green water footprint of rice was the lowest(46.99%). The proportion of grey water of the four crops was all lower than 1.12%. As a simple prediction method, ARIMA model can predict the change of water footprint of grain crops in a fair accuracy. The predicted results show that the water footprint of grain crops in Heilongjiang province will increase year by year, but the water footprint of corn per unit mass will decrease yearly, the water footprint of rice and soybean per unit mass will rise year by year, and the water footprint of wheat per unit mass will remain unchanged basically. Considering the relative shortage of water resources in the province and the total water footprint of grain crops to increase year by year, it is suggested that agricultural management of the province should be strengthened to improve water use efficiency of crops.
2020 Vol. 38 (11): 1152-1159 [Abstract] ( 45 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2184KB] ( 641 )
1160 Influences of soil hydrothermal effect on dryland potato growth and yield under various ridge and furrow mulch conditions
CHEN Chao,LI Rong,LI Fen,YANG Wenwei,HOU Xianqing
A little rainfall and low ambient temperature are not conducive to the emergence of potato, but also the high temperature stress restricts the potato tuber formation in the middle and late stages of potato growth in the southern mountainous area of Ningxia, in consequence, they lead to a reduction in potato yield. In view of these problems, a field experiment was conducted in 2016 to study effects of ridge and furrow mulch patterns on soil temperature, moisture, potato growth and yield. The experimental cases include plastic mulch(DM), corn stalk(JG), biodegradable film(SM), hemp fiber mulch(MM), liquid mulch(YM), furrow without mulch(BM), and traditional tillage(CK)(as a control). The results showed that the treatments DM, SM, MM and YM exhibited a warming effect on the soil in the tillage layer, but JG and BM produced a cooling effect. The warming and cooling effects in DM and JG are the strongest, respectively. The treatments YM and DJ had a better water retention effect in the early stage of potato growth, the corresponding soil moistures were significantly improved by 13.3% and 27.0%, respectively, compared with CK. The treatments JG and DM had a better pre-servation effect in the middle and late growth stages, improved by 22.4% and 13.2%, respectively, against CK. JG treatment can promote the potato growth substantially, and its effect on the yield increasement is the most significant. DM treatment is the second better with 47.8% and 44.8% yield increasements against CK. The other treatments are not statistical significance against CK. It is evident that that the implementation of ridge plastic mulch and stalk mulch can regulate the soil hydrothermal environment, promote the growth of potato, and increase the potato yield in the southern mountainous area of Ningxia.
2020 Vol. 38 (11): 1160-1166 [Abstract] ( 40 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3528KB] ( 600 )
1167 Study on adsorption of hexavalent chromium in soil
WANG Yuxue,TONG Juxiu,*,LI Bijun,
In order to study the adsorption rule of chromium(VI)under different initial pH and initial concentration conditions, the dynamic adsorption test of soil column was carried out on the soil of Wuhan Dongxihu vegetable base. Six soil samples with different properties were prepared by adjusting the initial solution pH values and concentrations. Origin software was used to fit the penetration curve of solute. The diffusion coefficient of inertia Cl- was calculated by tracer experiment, and the solute transport parameters of Cr(VI)in the soil were determined by numerical simulation combined with the chemical non-equilibrium model in CXTFTI software. The adsorption process of Cr(VI)in the soil was analyzed and predicted. The results show that the adsorption of Cr(VI)is very sensitive to the pH value. The lower the initial pH value of the solution is, the earlier the penetration time and the adsorption saturation time are. The initial concentration affects the adsorption of chromium(VI), too, specially, the higher the initial concentration of the solution is, the earlier the penetration time and the adsorption saturation time are. The solute transport parameters of Cr(VI)in the soil determined by the two-point model can well explain the results in the soil column experiment. For example, about 60% of the adsorption process of Cr(VI)in the soil completes instantly, and 40% is restricted by the rate, which satisfies the first-order kinetic equation.
2020 Vol. 38 (11): 1167-1173 [Abstract] ( 32 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2877KB] ( 622 )
1174 Design and kinematics analysis of automatic folding spraying arm
WU Zhe,TANG Yue,YU Cong,TANG Lingdi*
In order to solve the problem with low level of automation in the sprinkler truck equipped with a reel type sprinkler irrigation machine currently, an automatic folding spraying arm driven by an electric cylinder is designed, and an end face seal hinge, which can self-seal when the spray arm is fully extended, is designed in the joint of the arm. Based on the motion characteristics of the spray arm, such as retracting on both sides of the frame when fully folded and hinged and sealed when fully extended, the parametric constraint equation of each member was established, and the size of each member was determined. Kinematics of the spray arm is analyzed by vector equation method. The angle, displacement, velocity and acceleration of the push rod of the electric rod are input variables, and the angular displacement, angular velocity and angular acceleration of each member are output values. The motion simulation block diagram of the spray arm is built and analyzed in Matlab Simulink. The results show that when the nozzle 1 is fully folded, the angle between nozzle 1 and the horizontal direction is 90°. When fully deployed, the three nozzles rotate 90°, and the hinge of each nozzle is completely closed without water leakage. These facts indicate that the design is reasonable in a certain degree.〓
2020 Vol. 38 (11): 1174-1179 [Abstract] ( 56 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2651KB] ( 522 )
1180 Effect of solution concentration onfertigation uniformity of impact sprinkler
TU Qin*,YI Meng,LI Hong,ZHANG Kai,ZHANG Qiankun
Field experiments on the impact sprinkler 10PY2H were conducted to evaluate effect of solution concentration on fertigation uniformity of the sprinkler irrigation system by simultaneously measuring the radial distributions of fertilizer solution, solution concentration and fertilizer applied. The potassium chloride(mother liquor)with the concentrations of 0, 20, 35, 50, 65, 80 g/L was used in the experiments. The superposition method was then employed to derive the Christiansen uniformity coefficient CU, distribution uniformity DU and statistical uniformity Us of three indicators after overlapped fertigation. The results reveal that the effect of solution concentration of mother liquor on both the irrigation uniformity and the fertigation uniformity of the impact sprinkler is generally nonlinear. An increase in solution concentration of mother liquor has a relatively low impact on the uniformity of fertilizer solution and solution concentration, but a significant influence on the uniformity of fertilizer applied. Overlapped fertigation intensifies the numerical difference in the indicators between different measuring points. The radial distribution of fertilizer applied shows the greatest change as the solution concentration increases. When the solution concentration of mother liquor reaches 80 g/L, the fertilizer applied mainly gathers around 20% to 60% of sprinkler range, resulting in a sharp decrease in the fertigation uniformity. In most of the cases involved, the solution concentration at 90% to 100% of sprinkler range is relatively higher when the solution concentration of mother liquor is lower than 35 g/L, which is contrary to the conclusion that the concentration decreased along the pipeline in drip fertigation obtained previously. Among the three indicators of uniformity, the CU value is the highest, and the DU is gene-rally the lowest with the greatest change across different conditions, especially for the fertilizer applied. Thus, DU can reflect the shortage of fertilizer in the low-value area at different solution concentrations. The fertilizer contours indicate that the spatial distributions of fertilizer solution and fertilizer applied are similar while the distribution of solution concentration is contrary to both of them. This may be related to the higher concentration of solution at the farther end of sprinkler range shown in the impact sprinkler.
2020 Vol. 38 (11): 1180-1188 [Abstract] ( 31 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3150KB] ( 525 )
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