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Journal of Drainage and Irrigation Machinery Engin
 
2018 Vol.36 Issue.11
Published 2018-11-25
article
article
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2018 Vol. 36 (11): 1- [Abstract] ( 348 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1845KB] ( 539 )
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2018 Vol. 36 (11): 2- [Abstract] ( 348 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1277KB] ( 559 )
1065 Effects of water deficit and mulching on leaf gas exchange parameters and yield in seed-maize grain filling stage
DUAN Meng, MAO Xiaomin*, XU Zunqiu, ZHAO Yin, CHEN Shuai, BO Liyuan
In order to investigate the response of maize photosynthetic characteristics and yield to water deficit and plastic-mulching in grain filling stage in arid areas of northwest China, a field experiment was conducted in Shiyanghe Basin Agriculture and Ecological Water-saving Experimental Station of China Agricultural University in 2017. Two plastic-mulching conditions(mulching M1 and non-mulching M0)and five irrigation levels(W1 to W5)for 10 treatments in total were designed for the experiment. The results showed that the stomatal restriction was the main reason for the decrease of photosynthetic rate in W1 and W2 treatments. In W3 treatments, the non-mulching treatments were dominated by non-stomatal restriction, while both stomatal and non-stomatal restrictions might exist simultaneously in the mulching treatments. In W4 and W5 treatments, the non-stomatal restriction was the main reason for the decrease of photosynthetic rate. The yield of maize in mulching treatments was significantly higher than that in non-mulching treatments. A mild water stress could improve the net photosynthetic rate and the yield of maize. In conclusion, under water deficit condition, mulching can increase the yield and harvest index(HI)of maize in arid areas of northwest China. Stomatal restriction is the main regulating factor in mild water deficit; in non-stomatal restriction, however, non-stomatal restriction becomes the major limiting factor in serious water deficit.
2018 Vol. 36 (11): 1065-1070 [Abstract] ( 588 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1941KB] ( 829 )
1071 Temporal and spatial variation of reference crop evapotranspiration in Inner Mongolia
TONG Changfu*, LI Heping, HU Cuiyan, ZHANG Na, BAI Lifang, BAI Rujun, LI Xiaoli
In order to have a thorough understanding of the variation characteristics of reference crop evapotranspiration(ET0)in Inner Mongolia, the Penman-Monteith method recommended by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization in 1998, was used to estimate the monthly ET0 at 50 meteorological stations in Inner Mongolia in 1981—2012. Also, the global drought index(UNEP)proposed by the United Nations Convention on Combating Desertification was applied to carry out the climate partitions, and the spatiotemporal variation of ET0 in different climatic zones was analyzed by using spatial interpolation and sliding average method in eight years. Results showed that ET0 variation ranges were 1 401-1 573 mm, 1 145-1 269 mm, 900-1 013 mm, 710-857 mm and 571-735 mm in special arid, arid, semi-arid, arid and humid, moist sub-humid climate zones, respectively, with a less than 200 mm fluctuation amplitude. Additionally, the ET0 value was gradually reduced, i.e. the more humid the climate zone, the smaller the cumulative annual ET0. Based on the dates when the highest and lowest ET0 have occurred, ET0 shows strong randomness.
2018 Vol. 36 (11): 1071-1075 [Abstract] ( 529 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2939KB] ( 651 )
1076 Applicability of improved CERES-Maize model under mulch drip irrigation of maize
FU Chunxiao,, GONG Shihong*, WANG Jiandong, ZHANG Yanqun
An improved CERES-Maize model was generated to simulate the growth and yield of maize under mulch drip irrigation. Based on theory of effective accumulation temperature and compensating action on effective cumulative ambient temperature by soil temperature increase in mulched maize fields, the input data of ambient temperature for the modelled meteorological module were improved by quantifying the compensation value on the ambient temperature. The canopy energy extinction coefficient, K, which can affect evapotranspiration and water balance, was adjusted to 0.5. The improved model was validated with two-year experimental data of maize under mulch drip irrigation in 2014—2015. The results show that the compensatory coefficient of cumulative soil temperature, Cc, in plastic film mulch field is 0.45 from sowing to emergence stages, and 0.2 from emergence to tassel stages. The absolute relative errors(ARE)of above-ground biomass and grain yield decrease and approach zero with decreasing K. The improved model can simulate flowing days, mature days, biomass and maize yield under mulch drip irrigation quite well with AREs of 0.58%,0.37%,7.65% and 16.95%, respectively, and the corresponding relative root mean square errors(RRMSE)are 0.84%,0.51%,8.75% and 17.50%, respectively.
2018 Vol. 36 (11): 1076-1080 [Abstract] ( 631 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1528KB] ( 675 )
1081 Dynamic variation of evapotranspiration of maize field in Hetao Irrigation District and path analysis of affecting factors
LIU Meihan, SHI Haibin*, LI Xianyue, YAN Jianwen, SUN Wei, DOU Xu
The dynamic distribution characteristics of evapotranspiration(ET)of maize in the Hetao Irrigation District were clarified by using a large-scale weighing lysimeter, the correlations between ET and each influencing factor were explored with path analysis method. The results indicated that the cumulative ET of maize were 593.72 mm and 395.21 mm during the whole growth period in full and deficit irrigation treatments, respectively, and the corresponding average daily ET were 4.24 mm/d and 2.82 mm/d. Based on ET profiles in various growth stages, the ET was relatively minimal in sowing stage, just accounting for 3.7% and 5.8% of the whole growth period in full and deficit irrigation treatments. ET rose rapidly from jointing stage, and reached the maximum in tasseling stage with the total ET of 279.38 mm and 166.76 mm, accounting for 47.1% and 42.2% of the whole period in full and deficit irrigation treatments, respectively, and the average daily ET were 8.47 mm/d and 5.05 mm/d. For hourly ET profiles, a peak ET occurred at around noon but low ones were observed in the morning and evening. The path analysis showed that the decision coefficients of saturated water vapor pressure and average temperature were the largest, demonstrating two factors are the most important environmental driving factors for ET. Wind speed had the minimum effect on ET variation in two irrigation treatments, exhibiting an indirect effect on ET mainly. The main meteorological factors affecting ET of maize in Hetao Irrigated District were saturated vapor pressure and ambient temperature.
2018 Vol. 36 (11): 1081-1086 [Abstract] ( 534 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1950KB] ( 1299 )
1087 Water use efficiency of winter wheat based on DNDC model in Daxing District Beijing
QIAO Shuaishuai,,, WEI Zheng,*, ZHANG Baozhong,, HU Zhenhua
In order to elucidate the spatial-temporal variation trend of agricultural water efficiency in winter wheat in Daxing District, a DNDC(denitrification and decomposition)model of winter wheat was worked out based on winter wheat yield statistics and remote sensing ET values in the district. The applicability of the model was verified to the water productivity of winter wheat in the district. It was shown that the simulated winter wheat yield and ET were in better accuracy as low as less than 4.2% relative error, and the water productivity of the plant was 1.91 and 1.75 kg/m3, respectively. In regional simulation and verification, the yield and ET of winter wheat in different soil areas varied, but the same overall trend remained. The yield depended largely on rainfall, and reached the maximum in 2008. The average annual yield in 2007—2016 was 5 227 kg/hm2, and the simulated average yield was 4 845 kg/hm2. During the same period, the average value of ET simulated in the district was 381.74 mm, and the average value from remote sensing was 392.66 mm with a less than 13% average relative error. The WP value simulated was in 1.10-1.62 kg/m3 in 2007 to 2016 with a mean of 1.27 kg/m3, while the statistic value was in 1.15-1.62 kg/m3 with a statistic mean of 1.34 kg/m3.
2018 Vol. 36 (11): 1087-1091 [Abstract] ( 591 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1668KB] ( 636 )
1092 Growth and water consumption of maize under degradable mulch in arid sandy area
DING Zongjiang, LI Xianyue*, GUO Yu, LENG Xu, WANG Meirong
In order to solve the problems of water resources shortage, low water use efficiency and "white pollution" in arid sand areas, a field experiment on 2-year degradable mulch drip irrigation was carried out in Ulan Buh sandy area in Inner Mongolia. Two types of film mulch(degradable film and ordinary film)and three irrigation quotas(low water, moderate water and high water)were involved, and six treatments were resulted in total. The effects of irrigation treatment on maize plant height, leaf area index, yield, water consumption and water use efficiency(WUE)were identified. The results showed that there was no statistical significance in the height, leaf area index and yield in degradable mulch. Moreover, the water consumption after tasseling stage was large, but the WUE was significantly low. The irrigation quota in degradable mulch has important influence on maize plant height, leaf area index, yield, water consumption and WUE. The increase of irrigation quota can promote maize plant growth, delay late maize aging and increase the yield of maize. In 2-year high water treatments, the highest yields of maize are 13 614.97 kg/hm2 and 13 726.68 kg/hm2, respectively, but have no statistical significance from that in the moderate water treatment. The water consumption rose with increasing irrigation quota, while WUE increased in a parabolic function of irrigation quota. In 2-year moderate treatments, the largest WUE was reached, and it was 2.77% and 19.56% better in average than those in both low and high water treatments.
2018 Vol. 36 (11): 1092-1097 [Abstract] ( 441 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1814KB] ( 626 )
1098 Numerical simulation of Venturi injector with non-axis-symmetric structure
WANG Haitao, WANG Jiandong*, YANG Bin, MO Yan
Based on the structural parameters of Venturi injector with non-axis-symmetric structure(eccentricity upward)proposed by some researchers and related laboratory measurement data, CFD numerical simulation method was used to analyze the reason why there were differences in performance variables such as fertilizer flow rate, internal flow field and cavitation parameter in the Venturi injectors with non-axis-symmetrical and axis-symmetrical structures. Results showed that the simulated performance agreed well with the laboratory test data. At the same fertilizer flow rate, the Venturi injector with non-axis-symmetric structure has a significantly lower energy loss compared with that with axis-symmetrical structure, especially the pressure loss could be reduced by(25-35)%. The negative pressure zone in the Venturi injector with axis-symmetrical structure is distributed around the throat, but in the injector with non-axis-symmetric structure, however, it is in the half ring, located in the lower part of the throat. As a result, the cavitation zone is smaller and beneficial to increase of suction flow rate under the same pressure difference. In the non-axis-symmetrical Venturi injector, the contraction and diffusion parts are connected smoothly in the upper part of throat, so that the collisions between fluid particles in various directions are little, the resulted energy loss is relatively small, and the reverse flow region in the diffuser is also in a small size.
2018 Vol. 36 (11): 1098-1103 [Abstract] ( 498 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1955KB] ( 671 )
1104 Experiment on hydraulic performance of portable triangular-throated flume for field ditch flow measurements
XUE Cheng, WANG Wene*, HU Xiaotao
This paper presents a new type of water measuring device, the portable triangle-throated measuring flume, which is suitable for small flow conditions and easily to be manufactured and installed. The hydraulic performance of a prototype flume is tested under free flow and submerged outflow conditions at 9 flow rates such as 0.90, 1.44, 1.88, 2.36, 2.84, 3.36, 3.92, 4.57 and 4.90 L/s. The flume is located in a U-shaped channel that is similar to a field irrigation ditch in cross-section, and the water levels at 13 control sections are measured. The hydraulic performance variables such as water surface line, Froude number, critical inundation degree, and measurement accuracy were analyzed. There is a good exponential relationship between the flow rate and the upstream water depth with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 5. A formula for flow rate in terms of water depth is obtained by curve fitting under free and inundation flow conditions. Compared with the experimental flow rates, the average and maximum errors are smaller than than 5%. The change rules of Froude number are analyzed, and the specific position for the critical water depth is determined, which is downstream the throat within a distance of 334-355 mm from the flume inlet. The critical submergence of the long triangular-throated flume is stable, ranged from 0.80 to 0.86. The suitable range of flow range is 0.90-5.00 L/s for a single flume.
2018 Vol. 36 (11): 1104-1108 [Abstract] ( 587 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1736KB] ( 640 )
1109 Hydraulic performance of low pressure sprinkler with special-shaped nozzles
HUA Lin, JIANG Yue*, LI Hong, ZHOU Xiaoyin
According to the principle of equal flow, two sorts of special-shaped nozzles with cross-sections such as square and equilateral triangle were designed, and their hydraulic performance was compared with that of the ordinary nozzle with circular cross-section. Effects of taper angle, pressure and outlet cross-section shape on flow, range, sprinkler intensity and irrigation uniformity were examined at low pressure. By using experiment and Matlab code, the combination irrigation uniformity was analyzed, these special-shape nozzles were placed in a rectangular pattern at low pressure, and the optimum special-shaped nozzle and the best combination spacing were determined in terms of the best irrigation uniformity. The results show that the flow and range of the nozzles increase with increasing pressure at a fixed taper angle. At a constant pressure, the flow and range decrease with increasing taper angle. Under low pressure conditions, the irrigation uniformity is greatly improved in the special-shaped nozzles in comparison with the ordinary nozzle. The special-shaped nozzle with outlet cross-section of equilateral triangle and 45° taper angle is the optimum nozzle in terms of the best irrigation uniformity at low pressure, and the corresponding optimal combination space is the effective spraying radius. It can be seen that the combination uniformity coefficient of the special-shaped nozzles is much higher than that of the ordinary nozzle. This fact indicates that choosing special-shaped nozzles in combination sprinkler irrigation can even better reflect the advantage in sprinkler irrigation uniformity.
2018 Vol. 36 (11): 1109-1114 [Abstract] ( 544 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2314KB] ( 667 )
1115 Experiment on fertilization performance of dissolved and mixed water-fertilizer integrated device
ZHANG Zhiyang, LI Hong*, CHEN Chao, XIA Huameng
The fertilization performance of a dissolved and mixed water-fertilizer integrated device was characterized and the uniformity of solution concentration at the outlet of the device was used as the main parameter measuring the performance. The effects of filter parameters, inlet flow rate and fertilizer feeder on the performance were studied by using variable control method. Experimental results showed that the uniform coefficient of solution concentration at the outlet of the device for 60 mesh filter was 6.1% better than that for 40 mesh filter. For the filter with 250 mm diameter, the uniform coefficient was 4.3% higher than that for the filter with 150 mm diameter. Under the condition of 1.5 m3/h flow rate, the uniformity coefficient of solution concentration at the outlet was 12.6% and 17.3% higher in comparison with the flow rates of 2.5 m3/h and 2.0 m3/h. When fertilizer feeder was used, the uniformity coefficient was 9.9% higher than that without the feeder. Therefore, filter parameters and flow rate exhibited obviously influences on the fertilization performance of the device. The more the number of filter meshes and the larger the filter diameter as well as the lower the flow rate, the higher the uniformity coefficient and the better the fertilization performance. 
2018 Vol. 36 (11): 1115-1119 [Abstract] ( 753 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1596KB] ( 582 )
1120 Experiment on hydraulic performance of type SD-03 pop-up sprinkler
LU Mengya, LU Keji, HU Guang, ZHU Xingye*
In order to study the hydraulic performance of a sprinkler under different pressures and clarify the effect of working pressure on other parameters, a type SD-03 pop-up sprinkler with the diameter of 5 mm was investigated experimentally in this paper. The flow, rotational speed, and radial water distribution of the sprinkler were measured under 200, 250, 300 and 350 kPa working pressures, but also its ranges under these pressures were calculated. The results show that the flow rate, range, rotational speed and spray irrigation intensity rise with increasing working pressure and exhibit a good regularity. An empirical formula for spray range is revised, and the corresponding correction coefficient for the formula is identified to be 0.5-0.6 under different pressures. A polynomial relationship between pressure and rotational speed is obtained and the distribution curve of sprinkler irrigation intensity is analyzed. Compared with the highest irrigation intensity at 200 kPa pressure, the highest irrigation intensity increases by 15.93%-18.67% when the pressure rises. It provides a scientific theoretical basis for the follow-up study of the buried sprinkler.
2018 Vol. 36 (11): 1120-1124 [Abstract] ( 579 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1526KB] ( 822 )
1125 Fertigation uniformity and evaporation drift losses of center pivot irrigation system
ZHANG Meng, ZHAO Weixia, LI Jiusheng*, LI Yanfeng
Uniformity is an important parameter in operation of center pivot irrigation system, and evaporation drift loss(EDLs)is a significant factor affecting water and fertilizer utilization efficiency of sprinkler irrigation system. In this study, the relationship between flow rate and operational range of diaphragm metering pump connected with a center pivot of 0.15 MPa pressure was tested. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate uniformity of water and fertilizer application and EDLs. The results indicated that RMSE of injection when connected with center pivot was 9.0% and a small relative error(RE)was achieved under in the operational range of 60%-100%(RE≤5.6%), while a substantially higher RE(RE≥13.3%)was got in the range of 20%-40%. When the pivot rotational speed was 100% of the full speed, the modified Heermann-Hein uniformity coefficients of radial irrigation and fertilizer application were equalbasically, with variation ranges of 80%-85% and 78%-86%, respectively, which were all less than the uniformity of radial solution concentration ranged in the range 96%-99%. There was no significant difference in uniformity of fertilizer solution application and solution concentration between different fertilizer types and concentrations. When the wind speed was less than 2 m/s, EDLs were ranged in 1.5%-10.1%(average 5.1%)with center pivot. 
2018 Vol. 36 (11): 1125-1130 [Abstract] ( 600 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1494KB] ( 596 )
1131 Study on canal feedforward control time based on constant water volume
FAN Yumiao ,, GAO Zhanyi*, CHEN Haorui, WANG Shaoli, CHANG Hui
In order to study feedforward control time of canal buildings during canal operation, influences of upstream and outlet regulations on downstream water volume were considered. A constant water volume method was used to establish a canal feedforward control time computational model, and the model was applied to Jiamakou Irrigation District in Shanxi Province.The results showed that the flow rate fitting equations and parameters used in the model had high accuracy, and could effectively express the changes in downstream flow rate under the regulation of the canal.When the control time calculated by the model is used to control the canal, the total volume of water flowing downstream is roughly kept constant with a deviation of 0.8 m3only.The model was used to further analyze the regulation time at different flow rates. It was showed that the optimal outlet regulation time was decreased gradually with increasing flow rate.On this basis, the linear fitting formulas of flow rate and depth in terms of feedforward control time were obtained. They provide a reference for the operation control of Jiamakou Irrigation District.
2018 Vol. 36 (11): 1131-1136 [Abstract] ( 484 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1938KB] ( 515 )
1137 Classification of weeds in ecological irrigation areas based on deep learning and remote sensing images taken by drone at low-altitude
WANG Shubo , HAN Yu , CHEN Jian*, PAN Yue , CAO Yi, MENG Hao
In order to better promote the construction of ecological irrigation areas, it is required to detect and control weeds in the areas. Thus, in this paper a method was proposed based on convolutional neural network(CNN)for weed classification and density estimation in ecological irrigation areas.The images were taken by a drone at low-altitude for three kinds of weeds namely chenopodium album, humulusscandens and xanthium sibiricum as well as 3 sorts of crops such as wheat, peanut seeding and maize, and then 17 115 training samples and 750 test samples were harvested through trimming, gray scale and rotation. Finally, the training sets were input into the CNN, and the classification of 6 types of plants was conducted by means of softmax regression.In order to reduce the network parameters, the effect of 100×100 and 300×300 resolution images on recognition accuracy was also clarified.The results showed that the highest recognition rate of 300×300 resolution could reach as high as 95.6%accuracy.In order to prevent and control specific weeds, a method of detecting single weeds density was presented, too.Through this method, accurate monitoring of various weeds in irrigation areas can be achieved. This method can provide a basis for precise applying pesticide, and has important significance and theoretical and practical values for realizing efficient, green, and safe modern agriculture. 
2018 Vol. 36 (11): 1137-1141 [Abstract] ( 795 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1643KB] ( 844 )
1142 Experimental study on buffering performance of moisture purification mortar
WU Yi
Regarding of impact on human health due to the excessively low and wet environment in buildings in southern China, indoor moisture purification mortar was adopted to adjusthumidity by using custom indoormoisture purification mortar. Moreover, the performance of the custom mortar was compared with ordinary cement mortarin this paper.Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM), BET surface area analyzer and BJH method were used to study the interior structure of mortar, and measure the isothermaladsorption/desorption curve and adsorption rate curve by using static adsorption method. Meanwhile, moisture buffering values proposed by NORDTEST project scheme for mortars were tested. Results showed that the WSE(wood fibre, sepiolite, expanded perlite)based composite porous mortar could be used as indoor moisture purification material base; the added admixture could achieve relevant properties without affecting the moisture buffering function of mortar.WSE based mortar has an excellent internal pore structure distribution and is sensitive to moisture. The adsorption ability of composite porous mortar is better than the ordinary cement mortar, and the maximum adsorption capacity of the former is as high as 2 times the latter.The moisture buffering value of composite porous mortar is between 0.5 and 1, and about 3.5 times the ordinary cementy mortar. Therefore, the composite porous mortar can be used as a sort of humidity control material in the purification of indoor wet environment. 
2018 Vol. 36 (11): 1142-1146 [Abstract] ( 564 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1660KB] ( 634 )
1147 Improved grey clustering evaluation method and its application in water-saving reconstruction of irrigation district
GOU Wanli, YANG Luhua,*, XU Xinran, DI Zhigang
Grey clustering evaluation method is extensively used in evaluation of multi-factor things.In this paper, an improved commonorigin clustering function with centralized parabolic function was proposed to remove the disadvantages such as grey class overlap and membership grade even change in the function.This function can be used to make evaluation indices fuzzification, and allow the evaluated results to be more reasonable and truthful.The subjective and objective optimal combination weight method was adopted to calculate the comprehensive clustering coefficient and the overlap contradiction between weight and thresholdinformation was resolved.The improved centralized parabolic function was compared with the original commonorigin grey clustering function, andthe variation trend and the final comprehensive clustering coefficient of the function were analyzed. The results show that the improved centralized parabolic function is more suitable to the actual condition than the commonorigin gray clustering does.Finally, taking Panzhuang Irrigation District as an example, an evaluation onthe water-saving reconstructionproject in the district was carried out, and the evaluated results were well consistent with the actual situation.
2018 Vol. 36 (11): 1147-1151 [Abstract] ( 518 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1501KB] ( 608 )
1152 Effects of water-fertilizer coupling with straw returning on yield and quality of rice
CHEN Lidong, YANG Xiawei, CHEN Wei, ZHOU Mingyao*
In order to study effects of water-fertilizer coupling on yield and quality of rice under of straw returning condition, pot experiments were conducted based three factors such as soil moisture(water stress in late rice tillering, water stress in late tillering and grain-filling, normal water treatment), nitrogen application rate and straw returning rate by employing orthogonal experiment method, and at the same time, three groups were designed, including one control group. Results showed that soil moisture and nitrogen application rate as well as straw returning rate had a greater impact on rice yield. Within the allowable range, the rice yield increased with increasing irrigation water, straw returning rate and nitrogen application rate. However, beyond the range, with increasing straw returning rate and nitrogen application rate, the yield didn't rise but exhibited a reduction in some degree.Interestingly, when nitrogen application rate was 270 kg/hm2, soil moisture was in normal water treatment and straw returning rate was 4 200 kg/hm2, the rice yield reached the highest value. Nitrogen application rate and soil moisture also affected protein content of rice grain. When nitrogen application rate was 324 kg/hm2, water stress was in late-tillering and straw returning rate was 4 200 kg/hm2, the protein content of rice grain arrived at the maximum.
2018 Vol. 36 (11): 1152-1156 [Abstract] ( 1853 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1455KB] ( 646 )
1157 GIS-based database construction and spatial analysis of Ganfu Plain Irrigated District
MA Linhua, SHI Yuanzhi, CAI Shuo, CUI Yuanlai*
In order to achieve unified management and spatial analysis of irrigation district information, and thus improve the efficiency and level of irrigation district management, an irrigation district information management system was developed based on ArcGIS. The system utilizes the database as a means to realize the fusion analysis on multi-source spatial and attribute data of an irrigation district through data collection, organization, editing and conversion. As a result, data maintenance, visualization management and statistical analysis can be achievable. Specially, based on the statistical analysis function of ArcGIS, the land use types, elevation and slope distribution rules and their correlations of each other can be analyzed. Taking the Ganfu Plain Irrigation District in Jiangxi Province as an example, based on the multi-source spatial and attribute data, a geographic basic information database of the district was constructed, and centralized management, inquiry, statistics, maintenance and update of information were realized. Through a statistical analysis, the spatial distribution characteristics of land use types, elevation and slope in the district were obtained. The results show that most of the irrigation district is flat and mainly used as agricultural land. When the elevation is low and the terrain is less undulate, the main land use type is paddy. As the terrain increases, and the slope gets big, the proportion of woodland rises gradually, and eventually woodland is the main land use type.
2018 Vol. 36 (11): 1157-1162 [Abstract] ( 515 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1633KB] ( 765 )
1163 Multifractal characteristic of soil pore distribution after long-term recycled water irrigation
GUAN Xiaoyan,*, YANG Peiling, LI liu, TAN Ya′nan
Soil structure is one of important indicators for characterizing soil quality. For quantitative characterization of heterogeneity of soil pore distribution after long term recycled water irrigation, the characteristics and heterogeneity of soil pore distribution after recycled water irrigation for various years were analyzed based on KYKY-2800B scanning electron microscope and digital image processing technology and multifractal theory, and then the significance of symmetry of multifractal curve was discussed in this paper. The result showed that the multifractal spectrum could quantitatively describe the heterogeneity of soil pore distribution, and its multifractal singularity spectrum function α-f(α) was continuous and asymmetric, the width of multifractal spectrum Δα could reflect the heterogeneous characteristics of the pore distribution. The width of multifractal spectrum Δα in Beiyechang Irrigation District is generally greater than in Yamenkou Irrigation District, i.e. the pore distribution is more heterogeneous after 30 years recycled water irrigation compared with 50 years recycled water irrigation, but also the number of small pores in Beiyechang Irrigation District was more than the number in Yamenkou Irrigation District. As a result, multifractal parameters can be used as important indicators to characterize the heterogeneity of soil pore distribution quantitatively.
2018 Vol. 36 (11): 1163-1167 [Abstract] ( 484 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 4331KB] ( 690 )
1168 Influences of irrigation method on rainfall infiltration depth
JIN Xiaohui, CHEN Minjian*, YAN Long, WANG Yong, DENG Wei
In order to study influences of irrigation method on rainfall infiltration depth, based on field in-situ observation experiment, the influences of drip irrigation under film and traditional surface irrigation conditions on initial moisture of rainfall infiltration were analyzed in the paper, and HYDRUS-2D software was applied to simulate the differences in rainfall infiltration under two irrigation conditions. The results showed that the drip irrigation under film altered the initial moisture of rainfall infiltration, and its influence on the initial moisture varied in different growth periods of maize. The rainfall infiltrations were simulated in different scenarios and it was demonstrated that under the same initial condition, the rainfall infiltration depth in two irrigation methods was mainly affected by rainfall and duration. If the rainfall is small, then the infiltration depth of drip irrigation under film is greater than that of traditional surface irrigation; with the increase of rainfall and duration, however, the infiltration depth of two irrigation methods tends to be consistent. Regardless of whether it is maize seedling or main growth stage, the initial soil moisture of rainfall infiltration always has a certain impact on the rainfall infiltration depth. In the seedling stage, the infiltration depth of drip irrigation under film is deeper than that of surface irrigation, but in the main growth stage, the infiltration depth of surface irrigation is deeper than that of drip irrigation under film.
2018 Vol. 36 (11): 1168-1174 [Abstract] ( 532 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1979KB] ( 674 )
1175 Scale transformation of regional soil particle composition and organic matter prediction models based on hyper-spectrum
ZHANG Na,, ZHANG Hongling, ZHANG Dongliang,QU Zhongyi*
Mesoscale inversion models of mass percentage of clay, power, sand and organic matter were established by using multiple regression, support vector machine and BP neural network based on the hyper-spectrum of 1 024 samples in 3 scales in Hetao Irrigation District of Inner Mongolia. The mesoscale scale was shifted to large and small scales, and the applicability of scale transformation was assessed for these models. Results showed that the mesoscale inversion models of soil particle composition and organic matter were well applicable at the other two scales with correlation coefficient of 0.33-0.60 in multiple regression, 0.41-0.52 in support vector machine and 0.52-0.72 in BP neural network. Clearly, the models based on BP neural network method showed even better applicability at the other two scales. The correlation coefficients of clay, power, sand and organic matter were 0.44-0.62, 0.37-0.72, 0.42-0.72 and 0.33-0.56, respectively, suggesting the fitting effect of particle compositions was better than that that of organic matter as a whole.
2018 Vol. 36 (11): 1175-1179 [Abstract] ( 470 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2246KB] ( 635 )
1180 CAR-SVM model based water table depth prediction in seasonal freezing-thawing areas
ZHAO Tianxing, ZHU Yan*, YANG Jinzhong, MAO Wei
Accurately predicting water table depth is an important basis for water resources management in irrigation areas. Based on hysteresis and nonlinearity of groundwater in time series, a CAR-SVM water table depth prediction model was developed by integrating multivariate time series controlled auto-regressive(CAR)and support vector machine(SVM). To improve the performance of the model in freezing-thawing period, a water table depth fitting model, i.e. CAR-SVM(T-TF)model, was established for seasonal freezing-thawing irrigation district. Simulation results indicate that the performance of the CAR-SVM(T-TF)model with ambient temperature effect in the freezing-thawing period is better than either the CAR-SVM(T)model with ambient temperature effect of the whole year or the CAR-SVM without any ambient temperature effect. The CAR-SVM(T-TF)model was applied to predict the water table depth in Hetao Irrigation District. The results demonstrate that the coefficient of multiple determination, R2, is 0.954 and 0.973 in validation period and freezing-thawing period, respectively, and all the RMSE in different periods are less than 0.09 m. suggesting a relatively high accuracy. The 3-order CAR-SVM(T-TF)model structure obtained from Hetao Irrigation District as a whole was used to simulate the water table depths in five irrigation areas in the district. The model has a good applicability in each area, and the predicted water table depths are closed to the measurements. Specially, R2 is more than 0.90, RMSE is less than 0.10 m, and BIAS is less than 0.04 in the freezing-thawing period in each area.
2018 Vol. 36 (11): 1180-1186 [Abstract] ( 570 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2191KB] ( 511 )
1187 Effects of fertilization treatments on nutrient contents available in soil of greenhouse vineyard
ZHANG Xingguo, HU Xiaotao*, RAN Hui, DU Bin, HAO Zhe, GONG Junwu
In order to study effects of fertilization treatment on nutrient contents available in soil of greenhouse vineyard, a field experiment was carried out on "6-12" precocious grape in the wind-sand area of northern Shaanxi. The traditional fertilization was as a control, while drip irrigation fertilization treatments were designed, including three fertilization levels such as T1(930 kg/hm2), T2(840 kg/hm2), and T3(750 kg/hm2)at the same drip irrigation quota. The results showed that the effects of fertilization treatment on nutrient content available in the soil of greenhouse vineyard in different growth periods had statistical significance. During the shoot growth period, the nitrogen content available in 0-50 cm soil layer in T2 is the highest, which is favorable to the vegetative growth of grape plants in this period. In the fruit enlargement and coloring maturity periods, the phosphorus and potassium contents available in 0-50 cm soil layer are the highest in T2, which has a significant effect on promoting grape yield and quality. In summary, the fertilization T2 in drip irrigation is a suitable fertilization method to greenhouse grape cultivation in this region. In addition, the traditional fertigation method of "big flood and big fertilizer" can lead to even more loss of fertilizer efficiency, but also nutrient migration to deeper soils, pollution of groundwater, and destruction of the ecological environment.
2018 Vol. 36 (11): 1187-1192 [Abstract] ( 518 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1667KB] ( 606 )
1193 Prediction of future climate change in northwest inland arid areas of China under multi-mode and multiple scenarios
YAN Churui,, LIU Liu,*, HUANG Guanhua,
Based on three RCP scenarios(RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP8.5), a statistical downscaling model(SDSM)was established by using observed meteorological data, ERA-40 reanalysis data and 5 preferred GCMs output selected from 23 GCMs of CMIP5. Then, the climate change scenarios were predicted, including daily precipitation, highest and lowest ambient temperatures during 2021-2050 in the Heihe River basin, which is the second largest inland river basin in Northwest China. Results showed that the SDSM had a good predicting capacity for the ambient temperature in the basin. During calibration and validation periods, the coefficient of determination(R2)and the coefficient of Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient(NSE)were both larger than 0.9, while the root mean square error(RMSE)was less than 20%. However, the SDSM showed relatively lower simulation efficiency for precipitation with R2 and NSE values of above 0.5 in most meteorological stations, except the stations located in the downstream desert areas. Compared with the baseline period(1976—2005), the annual mean precipitation simulated by different GCMs during 2021—2050 showed a decline globally in one RCP scenario only; in the rest RCP scenarios, however, the precipitation fluctuated in a range of(-10-+10)%. Specially, the precipitation depended on season and month largely, and it was more summer but less in spring in most RCP scenarios. Note that the highest and lowest ambient temperatures exhibited a similar increasing tendency during 2021—2050 under all RCP scenarios. The increment of the highest ambient temperature was lower than the increment of the lowest ambient temperature, especially, both increments rose with increasing concentration of RCP.
2018 Vol. 36 (11): 1193-1199 [Abstract] ( 624 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 4319KB] ( 784 )
1200 Effects of planting years on soil salinity and watermelon yield in gravel-sand mulched field
MA Zhongsheng, TAN Junli, *, MA Xiaofu, WEI Tong
Through field experiments, effects of planting years on soil salinity and yield of watermelon in the gravel-sand mulched field around Xiangshan region of Ningxia were studied in order to provide a reference for continuous use of gravel-sand mulched field and estimation of watermelon productivity. The results showed that the soil salinity in 0-80 cm soil layer decreased continuously with the increase of planting years. After 6 a, 10 a, and 15 a planting, the salinity in 0-80 cm soil layer in saline-alkaline gravel-sand mulched field is lowered by 70.3%, 21.4% and 56.4%, respectively, in comparison with 3 a planting soil. However, the salinity in non-saline-alkaline gravel-sand mulched field is decreased by 50.6%, 62.4% and 34.8%, respectively. With increasing soil depth, the salinity rises in both sorts of gravel-sand mulched field. The pH value decreases firstly and then increases across 0-80 cm soil layer in the non-saline-alkaline gravel-sand mulched field. The yield of watermelon is closely related to soil salinity; specially, the yield increases with decreasing salinity in the saline-alkaline gravel-sand mulched field. However, the yield in the non-saline-alkaline gravel-sand mulched field rises initially and declines afterwards with increasing soil salinity.
2018 Vol. 36 (11): 1200-1204 [Abstract] ( 484 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1903KB] ( 736 )
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