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Journal of Drainage and Irrigation Machinery Engin
 
2016 Vol.34 Issue.1
Published 2016-01-25
article
article
1 Unstable head-flow characteristics of pump-turbine under different guide vane openings in pump mode
LI Deyou, GONG Ruzhi, WANG Hongjie, WEI Xianzhu, , LIU Zhansheng, QIN Daqing,
In order to obtain the unstable head-flow characteristics of pump-turbines under different guide vane openings, firstly, experiments are carried out on the pump-turbine model for a pump storage power plant in pump mode. It is shown that the head gets higher and its slope becomes stepper at a low flow rate; the unstable head-flow effect exhibits more obviously with decreasing guide vane opening, but the flow rate range for the effect is shrunk. Further, a 3D geometrical model of the pump-turbine model is generated and a set of mesh for its fluid domain is created. The steady turbulent flows in in the pump-turbine model are simulated by using the SST k-ω, standard k-ω, RNG k-ε and standard k-ε turbulence models at various flow rates under 19 mm guide vane opening, showing the SST k-ω turbulence model can result in more accurate performance curves than the others against the experimental measurements. Consequently, the flows in the pump-turbine model are simulated by means of that turbulence model at 13 mm, 19 mm and 25 mm guide vane openings and the head, torque and efficiency curves are obtained and compared with the experimental observations, and good agreement is demonstrated between them. Finally, the internal flow patterns in the unstable region, at part-load, best efficiency and over-load points are analysed at 19 mm guide vane opening. It is identified that the unstable head-flow effect is related to flow separation and vortex occurrence in the runner and a few stay vane passages.
2016 Vol. 34 (1): 1-8 [Abstract] ( 1197 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3673KB] ( 1548 )
9 A review of engine cooling water pump
LI Weiqiang, LI Wei, SHI Weidong, JI Leilei, ZHAO Xiaofan
Cooling system has an important influence on automobile engine performance, and engine cooling water pump(ECWP)in the system has been a research focus at home and abroad. Structural characteristics and hydraulic performances of centrifugal ECWP are analyzed, and the key factors affecting the development of ECWP are also summarized. Cavitation in the ECWP occurs easier under the high working temperature, the limited seriously space structure and the changed severely rotating speed, which seriously affects the cooling system's stability and reliability and brings into a series of problems such as bearing damage, seal failure, shaft fatigue fracture and noise. In this study, achievements on hydraulic, cavitation performances and reliability of ECWP are reviewed, and the development tendency and research focuses in the future are put forward. Firstly, a connection between internal flow feature and hydrodynamic performance needs to be established based on the particle image velocimetry(PIV)technology. Secondly, cavitation mechanism of ECWP with thermodynamic effect needs to be understood and the disadvantage of pressure pulsation caused by cavitation needs to be clarified to improve hydrodynamic performance and reliability. At last, standardization, modularization and serialization of ECWP components should be paid attention, and a development model called "Internet plus Automobile Standard Parts" should be constructed to make ECWP intelligent, controllable and efficient.
2016 Vol. 34 (1): 9-17 [Abstract] ( 1508 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1606KB] ( 2534 )
18 Design of new type diffuser of plastic well pump and pulsation characteristics of internal pressure
XU Yuanhui, ZHANG Qihua, SHI Weidong, LU Weigang, WANG Chuan, ZHOU Ling
A new type axial diffuser is devised and the unsteady, three-dimensional and turbulent flow field in a plastic well pump with this diffuser is simulated based on a CFD method to exploit the internal pressure pulsation phenomenon in the diffuser. The pulsation characteristics of pressure at the first and second stage impeller outlets as well as inside the first and second stage diffuses are obtained under the duty flow rate conditions; meanwhile, the frequency fluctuation of pressure is analyzed by fast Fourier transform. Compared with a bowl diffuser, the hydraulic performance of the axial diffuser is slightly poorer, but much better than a radial diffuser. The maximum pressure pulsation occurs at the interface between the impeller and the axial diffuser, and the magnitude of the pulsation declines when the fluid passes the diffuser. From the inlet to the outlet, the amplitude of pressure pulsation in the axial diffuser is significantly reduced, indicating an excellent pressure recovery capability. In addition, the amplitude of pressure pulsation in the second stage diffuser is lower than that in the first stage. The dominant frequency at various monitoring points is equal to the blade passing frequency or is an integer multiple of the frequency. There are some differences in the frequency domain distribution from the first stage diffuser to the second stage one.
2016 Vol. 34 (1): 18-25 [Abstract] ( 1329 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2068KB] ( 1260 )
26 Numerical simulation of unsteady pressure pulsation in multistage centrifugal pump
MA Xinhua, FENG Qi, JIANG Xiaoping, WANG Wei, HE Yongguan
In order to study steady and transient characteristics of fluid flow in centrifugal multistage pumps, the unsteady flow field in two stages of a multistage centrifugal pump made of stainless steel was simulated under design flow condition by making use of ANSYS CFX and the standard k-ε turbulence model. The performance curves predicted are in good agreement with the experimental data, validating the accuracy of the flow models and numerical methods. Additionally, four monitoring points are specified on the pressure and suction sides in a flow passage of the impeller, respectively; meanwhile other six monitoring points are positioned in various locations in a flow passage of the diffuser and guide vane. The pressure pulsation characteristics are analysed in time and frequency domains at these points. The results show that the rotor-stator interaction between impeller and guide vane is the cause for the static pressure fluctuation, and the average fluctuation of static pressure increases gradually from the inlet to the outlet of impeller. The shape of integrally formed stamping impeller can affect the pressure pulsation in the diffuser, and the pressure pulsation in one period is similar in another. The influence of rotor-stator interaction is dominated in the first guide vane; as a result, the pressure fluctuation is in 3 times blade passing frequency in the middle and at the outlet of guide vane, but is in 1 time blade passing frequency only at the other locations. The pressure pulsation in the diffuser is in a frequency as low as blade passing frequency.
2016 Vol. 34 (1): 26-31 [Abstract] ( 1212 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1724KB] ( 1250 )
32 Experiment on hydraulic stability of hydro-turbines in Goupitan hydropower plant on River Wu
GONG Ruzhi, LI Deyou, WANG Hongjie, LIU Shixun, WEI Xianzhu,
In this study, a series of field experiments are carried out on hydro-turbine unit 1 and unit 5, respectively, in Goupitan hydropower plant to solve the problems such as too large vibration acceleration in unit 1, vibration and hydraulic instability in unit 5 at high flow rates. In the prototype experiments, an advanced data acquisition software LabVIEW and a testing program proposed by NI Hardware are adopted. The experimental results are processed and the reasons for the instability are inferred; subsequently, several measures are proposed, implemented and validated experimentally. It is confirmed that for unit 1 once the runner nut is changed into a cone from the original cylinder the severe pressure pulsation phenomenon disappears at high flow rates. For unit 5, however, even though the thickness of the trailing edge of wicket gate foils has been reduced, the severe pressure pulsation also persists, suggesting Karman vortex street is irresponsible for this effect. This outcome has a referential significance for safe operation of hydro-turbine units in a hydropower plant.
2016 Vol. 34 (1): 32-37 [Abstract] ( 1515 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 9379KB] ( 854 )
38 Analysis of energy conservation of internal feedback motor in pumping stations
XU Yingying, MO Yueping, WU Song, WU Lei, ZHANG Yunyuan
For internal feedback motors, a control system is designed, in which a chopper circuit is developed for speed regulation based on the rectifier-inverter principle and corresponding formulas. The voltage control instructions in dq rotating reference frame are generated by changing the voltage in 3-phase static reference into 2-phase rotating reference with PARK transformation combined with the forward feedback decoupling control strategy. A unity power factor operation can be achieved by setting the current of the q axis(reactive current)to be 0. The SVPWM controller generates a driving signal according to the phase and amplitude of voltage and current stator as well as sampling control voltage. By controlling the IGBT on or off, the excess energy is delivered to the stator. The control system is simulated in MATLAB and the results show that with the decrease of duty ratio, the speed and active power reduce, and the reactive power remains zero, suggesting the internal feedback motor is subject to a higher power factor during speed regulating. Finally, the electric bill of a pumping station in Jiangsu Province is calculated when the internal feedback motors are used to drive the pumps for a year. It is shown that a ￥413 100 budget can be saved after the motors are used, causing significant economic benefits.
2016 Vol. 34 (1): 38-44 [Abstract] ( 1167 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1450KB] ( 1150 )
45 Numerical analysis and optimal design of intelligent transformation joint based on hydraulic control
LI Chuanjun, HUANG Wanwan, LI Kai, HAN Bin, WANG Zhiqiang
In order to validate the design of an intelligent transformation joint based on hydraulic control and optimize the geometry of flow passages in the joint, a three-dimensional model of the joint is constructed in Pro/E and an unstructured grid is generated in the fluid domain. Then the fluid flow governing equations and boundary conditions are chosen according to the device working principle and characteristics. The standard k-ε turbulence model and wall-function are used to simulate the internal flow field in the joint at four openings of the one-way valve. The distributions of velocity and turbulent kinetic energy are obtained and analyzed using CFD software. Moreover, an experimental device is built to measure the outlet flow rate and the pressure difference between the inlet and the outlet at those openings. By a comparison of numerical analysis and experimental validation, the best opening with lower energy consumption is determined. The experimental results show that the intelligent joint based on hydraulic control can realize an intelligent conversion between the oil production status and the test states, meeting the requirement on function. Besides, the best internal flow condition, in which the hydraulic loss is small and the velocity is high, is achieved at 50 mm opening. The numerical results are consistent with the experimental data. The results provide a basis for improving device internal structure and enhancing oil production efficiency. 
2016 Vol. 34 (1): 45-50 [Abstract] ( 846 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 4040KB] ( 1154 )
51 Transient simulation of valve core movement of pilot-control globe valve in vertical pipelines
QIAN Jinyuan, ZHU Yinfa, LIU Buzhan, LU Anle, JIN Zhijiang
A novel pilot-control globe valve, which can be used in vertical pipelines with a lower driving energy consumption, is proposed. A governing equation for valve core motion is obtained through a theoretical analysis of the forces applied on the valve core. A 3D simulation of valve core motion is conducted in Fluent by making use of User Defined Function(UDF)to involve different spring stiffness, steady state displacements, impact speeds and transient state displacements. The results show that there are different opening modes for different spring stiffness. For smaller spring stiffness, the valve is subject to a quicker response to flow to ensure it can work properly; however, this can more easily result in a higher impact speed. With the increasing of spring stiffness, the steady displacement of the core reduces especially beyond a turning point. Besides, the numerical transient displacements with 0.9 and 1.1 times the spring stiffness show good agreement with those obtained from a theoretical analysis. It is found out that the real spring design point should have 0.9 time the spring stiffness determined by the theoretical analysis. This paper provides a reference for designing and application of pilot-control globe valves or other valves with similar structures.
2016 Vol. 34 (1): 51-56 [Abstract] ( 944 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 4014KB] ( 1806 )
57 Exploration and analysis of groundwater evaporation of saline soil under film mulching condition
XING Xuguang,, ZHAO Wen′gang,, MA Xiaoyi,
A study on mechanisms, characteristics and prediction methods of groundwater evaporation is important for preventing soil from salinization, evaluating groundwater resources and managing farmland water. In this paper, state-of-the-art studies on groundwater evaporation in China and abroad are surveyed, and the weakest part in them is put forward. It is found that more studies are focused on usual affecting factors, such as atmosphere evaporation intensity, soil texture, groundwater depth and degree of mineralization. Moreover, groundwater evaporation is mostly measured and predicted under bare soil condition, and less investigated for the soils covered with plants and under film mulching and special soil conditions. According to soil feature and planting mode, the groundwater evaporation characteristics and its prediction methods are reviewed in detail under three conditions, such as bare soil covered with plants, plastic-film mulch and saline soil. The drawbacks in present studies and the subjects urgently needed to solve in future are explored. The following contents, namely, contributions of groundwater to crop water consumption, proper and ecological groundwater table for different farmlands, characteristics of day- and night-time groundwater evaporation and numerical simulation of groundwater evaporation and salt accumulation in soil under saline soil condition, should be paid significant attention in forthcoming studies.
2016 Vol. 34 (1): 57-65 [Abstract] ( 960 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1327KB] ( 1472 )
66 Experimental investigation into effects of maize leaf and straw fragments on soil water infiltration characteristics in furrow irrigation
ZHENG Jian,, WANG Yan,, CAI Huanjie, ZHANG Enji,, SUN Yuxin,
To clarify effects of straw fragments on soil water infiltration characteristics and water content distribution in the soil in furrow irrigation, a series of experiments are carried out in laboratory by using maize leaf and straw fragments with different sizes, proportions and depths buried. In addition, the wetting front movement of soil water in different treatments is simulated with the software of HYDRUS-2D. The results show that soil water infiltration rate is decreased in the cases with maize leaf fragments, but increased in the cases with maize straw fragments significantly. For the cases with maize straw fragments, the soil vertical infiltration distance is increased if the fragments are buried in a depth of 10-15 cm, and the vertical distance of 18% soil water content contours is greater than that if the fragments are buried in 5-10 cm depth. In the cases with maize leaf fragments, the horizontal distance of 18% soil water content contours is increased when the fragments are buried in 10-15 cm depth compared with 5-10 cm depth. In the case that the soil is blended with 3% maize leaves in 10-15 cm depth, the maximum soil water content can be as high as 21%, and the vertical infiltration distance is the shortest. This implies that in this treatment the water movement in the vertical direction has been obstructed effectively and the water content in the soil above the buried layer is increased simultaneously. Meanwhile, the error of wetting front movement between experiment and simulation of HYDRUS-2D is less than 3%, suggesting the software demonstrate the behavior of wetting front movement accurately.
2016 Vol. 34 (1): 66-72 [Abstract] ( 991 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1981KB] ( 1181 )
73 Dynamic simulation of groundwater level and irrigation quota effects on cotton soil water content
WEI Guanghui,, MA Liang, YANG Pengnian
Groundwater level can influence soil water potential distribution and soil secondary salinization significantly. In the paper, the dynamic change in soil water content under film drip irrigation is simulated at different groundwater levels and irrigation quotas by using HYDRUS-2D software for cotton in Xinjiang Peacock River Basin. The results show that the cotton growth remains unaffected by water stress at 3 300 m3/hm2 irrigation quota when the groundwater level is 1.5 m below because the backwater effect of the groundwater on soil water is stronger. When the groundwater level is 2.0 m below, the soil water supplying capacity of the groundwater is decreased; consequently, the regulation effect of irrigation becomes dominated gradually. At 3 900 m3/hm2 irrigation quota, the water stress is mild, having a little effect on cotton yield, at 4 500 m3/hm2 quota, however, there is no water stress basically, and the yield is little influenced. When the groundwater level is 2.5 m below, the soil water supplying capacity is weakened further. Even though the irrigation quota is as high as 4 500 m3/hm2, the water stress is moderate, and will cause a certain degree reduction in the yield. This study provides an important reference of guide for groundwater resources utilization and cotton planting development in the river basin.
2016 Vol. 34 (1): 73-80 [Abstract] ( 1023 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1706KB] ( 1225 )
81 Experimental study on effects of pressure on water distribution model of low-pressure sprinkler
BAO Ya, LIU Junping, LIU Xingfa, TIAN Kun, ZHANG Qian
In order to study effects of pressure on water distribution model of low-pressure sprinkler, a series of hydraulic performance experiments are carried out. The effects of pressure on the water distribution model are explored by calculating sprinkler irrigation combination uniformity coefficient(Cu)and combination distribution uniformity(Du)under the combined rectangular conditions at different pressures. The results show that sprinkler intensity increases steadily with the increasing pressure until it reaches a certain high constant value. The change in sprinkler irrigation intensity is dependent on the distance from the sprinkler. Cu and Du are important indicators for evaluating the sprinkler hydraulic performance in a low-pressure range. The effects of pressure on Cu and Du are obvious. In the range of 100-200 kPa, Cu and Du increase with the increasing pressure. In the range of 200-300 kPa, Cu and Du change a little. Finally, a relationship between Cu and Du is put forward. This study provides a basis for establishing a water distribution model for multiple factors.
2016 Vol. 34 (1): 81-85 [Abstract] ( 1030 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1576KB] ( 1081 )
86 Study on remote monitoring system for constant pressure farmland irrigation based on web technology
LI Haibo,, ZHAO Xiaofeng,, FU Chen,, LIU Changzhen
To solve the problems, such as electricity and water waste, poor automaticity and low efficiency of information management encountered in rural farmland irrigation, a set of remote monitoring system for constant pressure field irrigation are designed based on the communication, sensors, and control as well as internet technology. This system is composed of perception layer, network layer and application layer. In the perception layer, a star-type network is built through Zigbee wireless communication modules. The control of instruments in pump stations and the data collection of the environmental parameters of fields are realized by using PLC and MCU core nodes. In the application layer, a remote network monitoring software of field irrigation is developed by using Java language combined with JavaBean components in B/S mode and Ethernet communication technology with the aid of OPC server, which is called PC Access. This system has been applied in the irrigation of a standardization field in Taicang County. It is shown that the system can collect data accurately, and maintain a stable pressure level and exhibits a better ability to suppress disturbances. Furthermore, the system can operate smartly and reliably under in situ control and remote network control conditions to monitor the real irrigation states. 
2016 Vol. 34 (1): 86-92 [Abstract] ( 961 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1878KB] ( 1316 )
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