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Journal of Drainage and Irrigation Machinery Engin
 
2011 Vol.29 Issue.6
Published 2011-11-30
article
Article
461 Numerical simulation and experiment on characteristics of centrifugal pump inlet recirculation
YUAN Shou-Qi, LIANG Bin, YUAN Jian-Ping, ZHANG Jin-Feng, LUO Yin
Based on the finite volume method, the 3D steady turbulent flow in a centrifugal pump was simulated under different conditions using the standard  turbulence model, the velocity distribution of the recirculation flow field and vortex morphology were analyzed.The flow field in the suction pipe was visualized using a Ploymethyl Methacrylate suction pipe, and the injected air bubbles were used as tracers.The flow patterns under different conditions were shot with a high speed camera.The results indicated that the capacity of the recirculation onset is 0.7 Qd.As the flow rate decreases,the recirculation intensity and its axial velocity at the entrance to the impeller and in the suction pipe are increased. Meanwhile, the recirculation vortex becomes so big that it partially blocks the flow passages.A strong prerotation is created; it can travel upstream along the suction pipe for a long distance even up to 10 times the impeller inlet diameter.At the shutoff condition, a rope vortex appears in the suction pipe.
2011 Vol. 29 (6): 461-465 [Abstract] ( 2591 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 534KB] ( 2162 )
466 Development of low specificspeed centrifugal pump impellers based on flow control technique
CHEN Hong-Xun, LIU Wei-Wei, JIAN Wen, WEI Pei-Ru, ZHU Bing
The efficiency of a low specificspeed centrifugal pump is low,it is very difficult to improve its efficiency due to the large impeller diameter,narrowed blade width and severe diffusion in the flow passages.Based on CFD numerical simulations and performance tests,a relationship between efficiency and internal flow characteristics of a low specificspeed centrifugal pump was analyzed to establish a basis for improving the flow structure in impeller and increasing the pump efficiency.The updatedimpellers,which were respectively with two types of blade structure proposed by using  boundary layer control techniques,were developed.In order to analyze and compare easily,the main geometric parameters  of the new impellers,such as diameter,width and installation size,were consistent with the original impeller.All the experiments on pump performance were conducted in the same casing.The experimental results show that the efficiency of pumps with splitter blades is improved in large capacity region,but the flow range is not extended.The efficiency of the pump with drainage blades is improved significantly at every flow rate.Further,the maximum flow rate is extended.The flow control techniques have been applied  successfully to improve the flow pattern in impellers and  the pump efficiency.
2011 Vol. 29 (6): 466-470 [Abstract] ( 2203 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 547KB] ( 1927 )
471 Experiment research on bearingless permanent magnet synchronous motor in  canned pump
Zhu Huangqiu, Zuo Wenquan, Lü Yanbo, Fu Xiangdong
It was proposed that sealing problems existed in the traditional canned pumps could be solved by using bearingless canned pumps.Introducing the principle of rotor suspension of a bearingless permanent magnet synchronous motor(BPMSM), the mathematical models of electromagnetic torque  and radial suspension forces were given.According to the BPMSM control system function block diagram,the digital control system was described.In order to make software and hardware of the BPMSM control system work in coordination, the humancomputer interaction interface based on the BPMSM control system for realtime online debugging and control was designed and used.The experimental results showed that the humancomputer interaction interface for debugging and controlling the system can achieve the design goal quickly, at a rotation speed of 1 200 r/min, the central line of the rotorshaft oscillates near the equilibrium position(0, 0), the vibration amplitude of radial displacement is controlled in the range of 50 μm. Both have met the requirements for the realtime online debugging and control in the BPMSM control system. Such a humancomputer interface not only has important theoretical significance but practical value.
2011 Vol. 29 (6): 471-476 [Abstract] ( 2313 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 723KB] ( 1723 )
477 Optimal design of double volute splitter in double suction pump
Xiao Ruofu, Lü Tengfei, Wang Fujun, Liu Zhuqing
The  doublevolute was adopted to reduce the radial force that is inherent in singlevolute centrifugal pumps.The hydraulic performance and radial force on the impeller in a doublevolute centrifugal pump were estimated numerically based on a threedimensional,steady and turbulent flow model.Due to the poorly designed splitter,the pump head and efficiency were relatively decreased by 21.8％and 41.3％ respectively at the design point,comparing with the pump without splitter in the volute.In order to restore the performance,the splitter was optimized by approach of CFD and orthogonal experimental design techniques.Three factors,including starting circumferential angle and radius as well as length of free part of splitter were involved in the optimization process.The design cases were determined by the orthogonal experiment L4(23) table at the two levels of those factors,subsequently,they were analyzed using a CFD code to obtain their effects on the performance of the pump.The  optimum design of splitter was achieved as the result of orthogonal experiment.According to the CFD predictions and testing results of the optimized design,the radial force has been reduced by about half and the hydraulic performance has kept nearly unchanged compared with the pump without splitter in the volute.
2011 Vol. 29 (6): 477-482 [Abstract] ( 2747 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 512KB] ( 2017 )
483 Numerical simulation and experiment research on  new type self priming centrifugal pump
Ma Dongqi
 Based on CFD software Fluent,the flow field of a selfpriming centrifugal pump with deflector and jet nozzle was simulated numerically. The internal flow field variables such as velocity vector,static and total pressures were analyzed,and the pump efficiency was predicted.The numerical simulation showed that the velocity vector distribution in the pump is smooth,the static pressure distribution at the two outlets of the new type deflector is uniform and the pressure in each channel is close to an axisymmetric distribution.At the design point the pump head and efficiency predicted are higher than observations by 6.9% and 0.5%,respectively. The performance curve predicted is quite similar to that measured.The experimental results showed that the performance curve of the pump is flat andthe pump has an expanded high efficiency zone.The entire technical specifications of the pump have met the design requirements; also the efficiency is better by 16.34% than the imported pumps with the same specifications.To reduce weight and cost the pump casing is made of die casting aluminium alloy,causing the pump is featured with reasonable design,novel structure,small size,light weight,reliable operation and easy for use.
2011 Vol. 29 (6): 483-486 [Abstract] ( 2128 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 465KB] ( 1603 )
487 3D rebuilding of volume rendering for pump impeller based on ICT
JIANG Xiao-Ping, SHI Wei-Dong, LI Wei, LIU Hou-Lin, TAN Ming-Gao
 In order to rebuild impeller 3D models  in the reverse engineering of pumps,the complete inside complex construction information of an impeller needs to be obtained in advance. With help of ICT,367 high quality fault images of two typical centrifugal pump impellers were acquired,and the format of those images was converted to BMP from RAW through a code specially developed for the images.From these fault images volume rendering was fulfilled by using MFC,OpenGL,ADO,and VTK tools and a series of algorithms for digital image processing on the VC++ 6.0 platform.An object oriented code,named ReImpeller3D,which consists of several input and output interfaces,was developed  for the reverse engineering of pump impeller.This code can supply geometrical models to numerical simulation,FEM,RP,digitized manufacturing and redesign of production.The rebuilding example showed that applying the volume rendering to rebuild the 3D model of a pump impeller is feasible.
2011 Vol. 29 (6): 487-491 [Abstract] ( 1932 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 538KB] ( 1971 )
492 Influence of pump start up time on performance of hydrocyclone used in irrigation system
LIU Zhu-Qing, GUO Cong, YAN Hai-Jun
In order to improve the poor separation performance of a conical hydrocyclone during the startup time of a pump unit,taking the DN50 type hydrocyclone as a model,the experimental investigations into the effects of the pump startup time on the separation performance were carried out using the working liquids with three sand mass fractions by means of the frequency variable control technology.The startup times 5,15,30,90 and 120 s for the liquids with 0.451% sand mass fraction,15,30,60 and 90 s for those with 0.266% and 0.124% fractions were applied,respectively.The experimental results showed that the shorter the start up time,the poorer the separation performance for larger size particles; while the longer the start up time,the poorer the performance for smaller size particles.During the start up period,both the total separation efficiency and the classification performance of hydrocyclone are deteriorated initially,and then get better,eventually reach constant levels.At a certain time instance of the same startup time,the classification performance presents a regular wavy variation with increasing size of particles.The particles larger than 0.2 mm in size achieve the best classification performance.It is recommended that the optimal start up time is 30 s when the pump works with the hydrocyclone at the flow rate of 15 m /h.
2011 Vol. 29 (6): 492-496 [Abstract] ( 2238 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 509KB] ( 1781 )
497 Application of traditional decomposition amalgamation method based on DPSA in optimal regulation of parallel pumping stations
Qiu Jinxian1, Cheng Jilin1, Zhang Rentian2, Zhang Lihua1
According to the complex nonlinear optimization problem of multiple decision variables,the traditional decompositionamalgamation method based on dynamic programming successive approximation(DPSA)  was applied in the  optimization of parallel operation of the blade adjustable pumps in a pumping station.Firstly,the large scale system was decomposed into a series of subsystems,for each  decomposed subsystem,DPSA was applied respectively in order to search for the relationship between its own optimization target and interrelated variable,then its regression equation was obtained through regression analysis.Secondly,the aggregation model was constructed based on the subsystems’ regression  equations,then optimal solution of the aggregation model was obtained.Finally,through feedback  of interrelated variables to each subsystem,the operational operation modes of subsystems in different periods were determined.With the method applied in blade adjusting optimization of Jiangdu Pumping Station,the optimal regulation process was realized,and showed that this method is feasible.In addition,by selecting the unit energy consumption cost(UECC) as an evaluation index,with and  without  considering peak valley electricity prices,a comparison analysis of UECC of the optimized  operations was made between the bladeadjustable pumps and the conventional ones at various daily average heads and operation loadings.The result indicated that the saving rates of UECC were 7.52％,22.19％ and 25.89％ under operation loading of 100％,80％ and 60％,respectively.
2011 Vol. 29 (6): 497-502 [Abstract] ( 2131 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 465KB] ( 1596 )
503 System design for monitoring of more sewage treatment plant based on ZigBee and 3G
SHENG Ping, WANG Yu-Xiu, GUO Yang-Yang, WANG Lei-Qiang
In order to collect the information of both sewage pumping  stations and treatment plants fast and accurately, sewage treatment plant remote monitoring system was proposed based on ZigBee and 3G technology.The system consists of collecting node in sewage treatment plant, embedded ARM+DSP module,3G/GPRS transmitting network and Internet network.Sensor nodes collect information in the sewage treatment plant site.ZigBee wireless sensor network sends all kinds of messages to the upper computer.The upper computer integrates mobile communication networks through the gateway node.This system uses 3G/GPRS network to realize the information interaction between internet and wireless transmission.This system realizes the remote parameter setting and realtime monitoring information.It was shown that the sewage processing quantity increases by 5.2% at least after the system is applied. Meanwhile,the consumption of water and electricity per ton decreased by 5.4% at least. The remaining sewage also descends obviously than before.
2011 Vol. 29 (6): 503-507 [Abstract] ( 2960 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 407KB] ( 2271 )
508 Performance of liftdrag combined wind turbine rotor
ZHAO Zhen-Zhou, ZHENG Yuan, SONG Chen-Guang, ZHAO Zhen-Ning
In order to get partial performance of liftdrag combined wind turbine,such a turbine rotor with 900 mm height and 900 mm diameter was simulated using the SST k-ω turbulence model.Effects of the diameter and height ratios on the performance of the lift and drag type rotors were analyzed,and the power coefficients were compared between the combined rotor and the pure lifttype one.The results showed that the drag rotor increases the torque of the combined rotor but decreases the torque of the lift rotor at 0° rotation angle downstream.When the diameter ratio is 0.3 and the height ratio is 0.5,the combined rotor gets a maximum power coefficient of 0.32.In lower speed the performance of combined rotor is obviously better than that of pure lift rotor,while in high speed the former is same as or even worse than the latter.In order to verify the precise of model data,a plastic wind rotor with same scales as the simulation model was tested in a wind tunnel and the torque and speed were measured by a torque dectetor.The results showed the predicted efficiency is higher than the experimental data by 2% only.The error is so small that the SST  k-ω model can be used to analyze the flow field of a combined wind turbine.
2011 Vol. 29 (6): 508-512 [Abstract] ( 1997 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 578KB] ( 1602 )
513 Stiffness characteristics of spiral grooved face seals
LIU Ding-Hua, WEI Chao
To solve the stiffness design problems of spiral grooved face seals in different working conditions,the stiffness coefficient was numerically calculated,and the influencing factors of stiffness were analyzed.The Possion′s equation was used to generate boundaryfitted coordinate(BFC) grid system,and spiral curvilinear grid system was obtained with a coincident boundary of irregular physical area.Applying finite difference method(FDM) based on BFC,the Reynolds equation was discretized and numerically calculated in the computational  plane.The effects of rotational  speed and the ratio of inner radius over the  outer radius on stiffness were analyzed.It was found that the lubricant film obtained the biggest stiffness coefficient when the radius ratio was 0.5～0.6 on the condition that the test parameters were fixed.With  outer radius increasing,the stiffness increased and the effect of radius ratio was more significant.The stiffness coefficient increased linearly with increasing rotational speed,and a maximum coefficient was observed when the radius ratio was 0.5～0.6.For the narrow face seals,when stiffnes coefficient was deficient which is caused from an increased perturbation that is proportional to the rotational speed,a larger radius ratio will be necessary to ensure the seals work properly.
2011 Vol. 29 (6): 513-517 [Abstract] ( 2461 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 419KB] ( 1918 )
518 Modeling and simulation of hybrid wind／PV／pumpedstorage system
REN Yan, ZHENG Yuan, LI Yan-Pin
By combining pumpedstorage power station and hybrid wind/PV system,hybrid wind/PV/pumpedstorage system was established,in which wind power model was achieved by manufacturer provided  linear interpolating characteristic curve,PV modeled by Hay model,charging model and discharging model for battery as well as pump condition and turbine condition for reversible pump turbinewere modeled,respectively. Using VC 2008,an userfriendly simulation software was developed,which can simulate the output power of wind turbine,PV,reversible pump turbine and AC/DC loads.By an  example the following were achieved. Firstly,as the total power of wind and PV was less than the total loads,the reversible pump turbine operated in turbine mode to generate power for loads. In the several hours of higher light intensity and higher wind speed,the total power of wind and PV was more than the total loads,and the reversible pumpturbine operated in pump mode to pump water to store the extra power energy in the form of water potential energy.Secondly,normally batteries were at the state of full capacity,just as loads were very instant or were very large,the batteries discharged and after discharging they could be recharged immediately.
2011 Vol. 29 (6): 518-522 [Abstract] ( 2179 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 512KB] ( 1828 )
523 Simple calculation method for normal depth of a kind of water supply tunnel for irrigation and drainage
ZHAO Yan-Feng, WANG Zheng-Zhong, FANG Xing, LIU Ji-Liang, HONG An-Yu
In order to obtain an explicit formula for normal depth of standard citygate section,first,the identical transformation of the governing equation for normal depth of standard citygate section was made,including the transcendental equation for normal depth in the bottom corner arc and the top arc,and the higher degree equation for normal depth in the lateral side.The single variable equation was obtained for dimensionless normal depth and the comprehensive parameter of the known quantities.Second,the concept of quasilinear function was introduced and treated as the standard template.The standard template for quasilinear function was applied to the single variable equation for normal depth.Using optimization and approximation to quasilinear function,the estimation substitution formula for the transcendental equation and higherdegree equation was developed in the practical range of y∈［0.05,1.80］,and the substitution formula has the same form as the linear function,i.e.,the quasilinear explicit expression for normal depth.Finally,error analysis of the formula was made.The result indicates that the maximum relative errors of the formula for normal depth are less than 0.36%,0.31%,and 0.39% in the bottom arc,the lateral side,and the top arc,respectively.The relative errors indicate that the quasilinear equation has high accuracy in the practical range,which can provide simple method for computing the normal depth of the uniform flow in the design of water supply tunnel for drainage and irrigation and controlling the water level.
2011 Vol. 29 (6): 523-528 [Abstract] ( 2005 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 425KB] ( 1733 )
529 Orthogonal experiment analysis and optimization design for operation power of ditcher
Yao Keheng, Liu Shihao, Xia Yongjun, Peng Zhuomin, Zhu Jiping
In order to study the influence of factors involved on ditchers operation power consumption and realize the optimization design,the rang analysis and the variance analysis for ditching depth,forward speed and soil hardness were conducted by the design method of orthogonal experiment. It is concluded that the factors sequence is: ditch depth>soil hardness>forward speed,the second order response surface optimization model was established according to the results of orthogonal experiment. Actual measured test data were agree with the model,so the model was validated by the experiment. The experimental results show that the error between calculated and experimental values is within 10%,which indicates that the power consumption optimization model has high engineering practicability. Therefore,the response surface optimization model of ditcher power consumption proposed could provide the theoretical basis for the product designers to select economic power consumption parameters and the suitable power tractor.
2011 Vol. 29 (6): 529-535 [Abstract] ( 3169 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 590KB] ( 2166 )
536 Irrigation uniformity of nozzle changeable variable rate sprinkler
CHEN Chao, LI Hong, YUAN Shou-Qi, WANG Chao
Based on the analyzing of the key elements that the range and the rainfall distribution of the sprinkler concerned,the key factors that effect the range and the rainfall distribution have been  studied.It is found out that the variable rate sprinkler with only one factor changed had bad irrigation uniformity.To improve the irrigation uniformity of the sprinkler,a new nozzle changeable variablerate sprinkler was designed.The new sprinkler adjusts the working pressure and the nozzle area by the flow rate adjusting system and the nozzle area adjusting system.With the coadjusting of the nozzle area and the working pressure,the nozzlechangeablevariablerate sprinkler has better irrigation uniformity.The hydraulic character of the nozzlechangeable variablerate sprinkler was tested,and the rainfall distributions of the circle nozzle and the nozzlechangeable were compared.The result indicated that the nozzlechangeable variablerate sprinkler has better irrigation uniformity.The square irrigation coefficient and the combination irrigation uniformity were studied,and the data indicated that,for the nozzle changeable variablerate sprinkler BPY20,the square irrigation coefficient is 97.8％,the best combination distance is 1.66,and the combination irrigation uniformity is 75.4％.For the BPY30,the square irrigation coefficient is 91.5％,the best combination distance is 1.69,and the combination
 irrigation uniformity is 77.2％.
2011 Vol. 29 (6): 536-541 [Abstract] ( 2555 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 574KB] ( 2156 )
542 Intelligent monitoring system for joint operation of surface water and groundwater
Gao Shengguo, Huang Xiuqiao, Jia Yanhui, Li Zhongsheng, Duan Fuyi
The intelligent monitoring system for  joint operation of surface water and groundwater,which  purpose is to  control the groundwater level,consists of two relatively independence parts:the numerical simulation system of both surface water and groundwater and the computer monitoring system.The two parts could exchange data by Access.The internal system and the operational flow were information collecting layer, scheduling decision layer and decision execution layer.The external structure was composed of one data analysis and treatment center station and some control slave stations which set from monitoring spots.The wireless data transmission was used for the connection from the center station to the slave stations.Data were acquired by a computer monitor part, and divided into different water distribution ratios,then sent to the numerical simulation system for simlation and prediction.The optimal water distribution plan would be chosen in human computer mode.Then the control instructions would be sent from the computer screen virtual operating panel.The concrete irrigation would be actualized by computer monitoring system.The intelligent monitoring system was  modular design, distributing, human computer interaction, information collection, scheduling decision and decision execution.The sub monitoring system station CPU with the sleep and wake up working mode could reduce the interfered probability.The AC 100 V，25 mA was applied to the contact and  to improve reliability in long term operation in moist environment.The system design concept was advanced and the structure was rational.Field test proved that this system works reliably.This system could provide reference for the further study of same system.
2011 Vol. 29 (6): 542-547 [Abstract] ( 2002 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 516KB] ( 1643 )
547 Influence of muddy water concentration and particle diameter on clogging of labyrinth channels
NIU Wen-Quan, LIU Lu
A better understanding of the effect of suspended solids characteristics in muddy water on labyrinth path emitters is critical to prevent an emitter from clogging and select an  appropriate water treatment approach in drip irrigation systems.In this study,the impacts of sediment particle size,sediment concentration and inlet pressure on the clogging level of the emitters used in drip irrigation systems  were investigated by means of  intermittent muddy water tests scheduled with the L (3 )orthogonal design table.The clogging level was evaluated with  the  relative average flow rate and irrigation uniformity  coefficient  of flow through an emitter.The result showed that the clogging level is determined by sediment particle size,sediment concentration and inlet pressure,but not monotonically related to a single factor.The clogging level is significantly influenced by the inlet pressure followed by sediment particle size when particle size<0.1 mm.In field irrigation practice,it is recommended to filter the fine sediment particles(<0.048 mm) and add dispersants to inhibit the flocculation of tiny viscous particles and so as to improve the performance of emitters.The findings from this study will help enhance our understanding of the clogging mechanisms of emitters and the use of high sediment water in drip irrigation.
2011 Vol. 29 (6): 547-552 [Abstract] ( 2802 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 555KB] ( 1681 )
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