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Journal of Drainage and Irrigation Machinery Engin
 
2011 Vol.29 Issue.5
Published 2011-09-30
article
Article
369 Flow characteristics of low-lift and large flow rate pump installation in saddle zone
Zheng Yuan, Mao Yuanting, Zhou Daqing, Zhang Dan
Numerical and experimental methods were applied to investigate the axial pump flow characteristics in the saddle zone. The standard k-εturbulence model and SIMPLEC algorithm were chosen in computation fluid dynamics software Fluent, the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equation was dispersed by the finite volume method, and external characteristics of axial pump model were numerical simulated in a test facility from 20% to 130% of designed flow rate. The results between numerical calculation and model experiment were compared. Flow characteristics in saddle zone were studied by comparing flow patterns between designed condition and small flow rate condition. The results show that unsteady operation saddle zone exists between 50% of designed flow rate and 65% of designed flow rate. Large range recirculation and vortex exist at the inlet and outlet of the impeller under small flow rate condition. Intensive power exchange is the main cause of the pump unstable operation.The results of three dimensions CFD simulation and test results agree well near the best efficiency point, and deviations are up to 5% at part load condition, which indicates the effectiveness and accuracy of numerical simulation.
2011 Vol. 29 (5): 369-373 [Abstract] ( 2675 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 500KB] ( 2368 )
374 Design and abrasion of desulphurization pump for thermal power unit
Liu Jianrui, He Xiaoke, Liu Liangliang, Li Chang, Xiang Hongjie
 Geometric parameters of a desulphurization pump for thermal power plant such as impeller diameter, impeller outlet width, blade stagger angles, and pumping chamber were optimal designed based on the design method of two phase flow theory. The hydraulic performance and efficiency of the desulphurization pump had been improved by increasing the blade outlet width and chamber discharging diameter properly,and abrasion of the pump was reduced by decreasing the blade outlet angle. The three dimensional full flow field model was built based on Pro/E software, and the solid liquid two phase flow field of the desulphurization pump was calculated through CFD software Fluent 6.3 with Eulerian multiphase flow model. Abrasion mechanism of the two phase flow field was indicated. Wear of the flow passage components and the main wear parts were predicted according to numerical calculation and analysis of the solid volume concentration distribution in the desulphurization pump passage at design point. It can be concluded that main wear parts of the impeller are impeller inlet and outlet, pressure surface, front lines, and front shroud. A replaceable structure form of wear resisting lining board clearance self-compensation device in pumping chamber is designed, which ensures the pump to have higher efficiency and longer service life. Test of the pump performance show that the pump had reasonable structure, and the pump efficiency at design point is improved by 3.8%.
2011 Vol. 29 (5): 374-378 [Abstract] ( 2143 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 595KB] ( 1887 )
379 Flow characteristics of high-order ellipse bevel gear pump
Lin Chao， Hou Yujie，Gong Hai，Zeng Qinglong， Nie Ling
 Aiming at the function of variable displacement gear pumps and the application of noncircular bevel gears, a kind of new intersection axis variable gear pump named higher order elliptic bevel gear pump was proposed. The gear pump is  a non-circular bevel gear pump which takes the high-order ellipse bevel gear as working rotor. The gear profile formative method of gear rotor can be provided based on the space engagement theory. Transmission characteristic of the pump was analyzed according to the special kinematic traits of ellipse gear. Average theoretical flow formula, instantaneous flow formula and flow pulsation formula of this pump were deduced base on the differential theory of spherical space. Meanwhile the impact of eccentricity ratio and exponent number on flow characteristic was also analyzed. Average theoretical flow and instantaneous flow of high-order ellipse bevel gear pump were compared with both cylindrical gear one and noncircular cylindrical gear one under the same work condition and similar model parameter, and which shows that the characteristic of high-order ellipse bevel gear pump owns the features of higher delivery and wider range of variation.
2011 Vol. 29 (5): 379-385 [Abstract] ( 2873 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 685KB] ( 2067 )
386 Simulation of free surface vortex upon suction inlet based on LES-LBM
Zhang Rui, Chen Hongxun, Wang Xiaoyong
To realize the numerical simulation of the formation and evolution process of the free surface vortex in high Reynolds number flow issues, the standard Smagorinsky subgrid stress model was  introduced  into the three dimensional of single phase free surface lattice Boltzmann method, and the LES-LBM was established. Considered that the inlet Reynolds number were 5×104 and 105,the  Formation and evolution process of the free surface vortex upon suction inlet of rectangular water tank under the effect of gravity and Coriolis force was simulated by LES-LBM. The main flow features of the free surface vortex were represented in the process. According to the flow characteristics, the developing process was divided into four typical stages. By comparing the high Reynolds number flow problems with and without Coriolis force, the action of it was tested. The regularities of the radial velocity, tangential velocity and axial velocity of the B-type(Dye core ＆ Trash pulling core) and D-type(Full air core) free surface vortex along the direction of radial were mainly analyzed. The numerical simulation results show that the formation and evolution process of free surface vortex in high Reynolds number can be effectively simulated by LES-LBM. The effect of Coriolis force which promotes the free surface vortex production and development has been proved. The regularities of the velocity components of free surface vortex are qualitatively consistent with the experimental results and they barely change along with the variation of the inlet Reynolds number.
2011 Vol. 29 (5): 386-391 [Abstract] ( 3431 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 709KB] ( 2437 )
392 Transition process of pump device model test in closed test-bed
Ma Xinhua, Li Hao, Shi Weidong， Shao Xin
In order to study the characteristics of the pump test-bed and pump working conditions, physical simulation experiment method was used to do the experiment of a model pump used in some pump station on a vertical closed pump test-bed. The averaged pressure before the inlet and after the outlet of the pump，as well as the averaged pressure in upstream and downstream of the pump test-bed, and pump working conditions parameters were collected with gradually reducing the flow under constant rotating speed. The change characters of pump pressure before the inlet and after the outlet as well as shaft power were analyzed, and the internal changes of both the pump device model and test system during the transition to be stable were discussed. The test results show that during the transition process, the inlet pressure fluctuation of the pump is subtle and can always be in relatively stable state. The outlet pressure in the initial stage shows ascendant trend fluctuations, and the fluctuations are intensive. But after a while, tends are relatively stable. The shaft power changes are similar to the pressure fluctuations after outlet. In the initial stage, changes are obvious, but the fluctuations gradually become stable. This period of the process has continued for more than 90 s.
2011 Vol. 29 (5): 392-396 [Abstract] ( 2662 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 491KB] ( 1927 )
397 Optimal design of impeller for residual heat removal pumps based on numerical simulation of 3D turbulent flow
Chang Shuping, Wang Yongsheng
The flow field of a residual heat removal pump, which was meshed by hexahedronconstructional and tetrahedron non constructional grids based on a multiblock approach, was calculated numerically with the quasi steady Multiple Frame Reference method by solving Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations. In order to enhance reliability of numerical results, applicability of four turbulence models for predicting the overall parameters such as head and efficiency was evaluated, and the results of SST turbulence model showed the best agreement with experimental data. The flow field in the impeller meridional channel and blade to blade surface were investigated, some distortion flow phenomenon caused by unsuitable local structure were detected such as reverse flow and secondary flow around the blade leading edge and between adjacent blades which badly added flow losses．According to the results, on the precondition of keeping guide vane and volute unchanged, improvements were executed by adjusting the impeller meridional curvature, the blade inlet angle and the blade profile. The results show that the interior flow field of the optimized impeller are improved evidently, it can satisfy the design target of both flow rate and head, and foremost, efficiency of the design point is raised about 7%.
2011 Vol. 29 (5): 397-400 [Abstract] ( 2472 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 467KB] ( 1566 )
401 Internal flow field analysis and noise reduction means of BPX drain pump
Gao Bo, Yang Minguan, Wu Chengfu, Chen Zhiwei
In order to research the distribution law of  noise sources induced by  flow in pumps, the internal flow field in a typical BPX drain pump was simulated by computational fluid dynamics, and the distribution features of velocity, pressure and vorticity field at different running conditions were obtained. The computational results show that there is a low velocity fluid flow in the filter chamber. An unsymmetrical tangential vortex is observed around the back of the filter. Pump impeller inflow condition goes to worse due to sudden change of the flow passage section area before fluid flowing into the impeller. Flow in the outlet pipe separates, and consists of throughout and backflow with low velocity. Vorticity is concentrated in the impeller flow passage, especially around the hub, suction side of the impeller and impeller tips. A vorticity band also appears in the outlet pipe. Meanwhile, pump airborne nosie was also tested. Pump running process was divided into three steps, including startup, running and empty pumping. Noise features of three steps were obtained. Three typical noise reduction means were provided. It is considered that the means of adding  backflow hole is more feasible.
2011 Vol. 29 (5): 401-405 [Abstract] ( 3132 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 675KB] ( 2023 )
406 Experiment research on inlet flow field for axial-flow pump at unsteady operating condition
Yang Hua, Sun Dandan, Tang Fangping, Zhang Xuefeng
The operating region of  axialflow pumps is greatly reduced due to the existence of unstable operating range at low flowrate condition. The energyperformance of an axialflow pump was measured in detail, and headflow curve with bi-saddle was obtained. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) technology was used to measure the twodimensional flow fields at the inlet axial plane under the flow rate of 0.73Qd, 0.55Qd, 0.43Qd and 0.33Qd. The experiment results show that backflow exists at the impeller inlet close to the wall, and the backflow zone increases with the decreasing of flow rate. With the decreasing of the flow rate, the turbulence intensity obviously increases, the turbulence intensity of axial velocity is higher than one of radius velocity and the turbulence intensity near the case wall is much higher close to the hub. The flow at the inlet wall evolutes from axial direction to circumferential direction can be seen clearly by the silk lines. The experimental results indicate that the lower performance of axial flow pump at the low flow rate condition is due to the unstable flow at the inlet impeller. This provides a reference for further improvement of axialflow pumps performance at low flow rate condition.
2011 Vol. 29 (5): 406-410 [Abstract] ( 2193 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 624KB] ( 2232 )
411 Numerical simulation of slitladen flows in pumping station forebay
Tang Xuelin, Wang Wuchang, Wang Fujun, Li Yaojun
Based on a two dimensional lattice Boltzmann method coupled with large eddy simulation(LES),a LBM-LES model combined with sediment mathematic model is proposed for 2D siltladen flows in a pumping station forebay. Shallow water equations is numerically simulated by the mesoscopic LBM-BGK(Bhatnagar Gross Krook) model and the turbulence can be taken into account and modeled efficiently by a SubGridScale stress(SGS) model. A macroscopic 2D horizontal sediment mathematic model consists of suspension transport equations, riverbed deformation equations, formula of sedimentcarrying capacity, and so on. The segregating scheme is adopted to solve the governing equations for turbulent flows and sediment governing equations,i.e., the solutions to the turbulence governing equations,suspension transport equations, and sediment erosion ＆ deposition along the forebay bed are solved sequentially. Finally, the simulated velocity distribution is in agreement with the experimental data, and the depth distributions, the vortex position and size as well as the sediment erosiondeposition are successfully predicted in the forebay. All the calculation results agree well the hydrodynamic rules in nature. The numerical results show that this model can well reproduce the sediment laden flow patterns,sediment erosion and deposition in the forebay, and the mathematical model and numerical  algorithms are accurate, reliable and feasible to predict the sediment laden flows in forebays.
2011 Vol. 29 (5): 411-417 [Abstract] ( 2327 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 656KB] ( 1922 )
418 Development and numerical analysis of new type shaft tubular pumping system
Zhu Honggeng, Dai Longyang, Zhang Rentian, Zhu Guoxian, Lü Saijun, Fei Hairong
Based on comparing structural features of different tubular pumping systems and technical characteristics of cut off devices in common use, aiming at the characteristics of low head, shorter  annual  operation time and higher safety and reliability requirements of city flood control pumping stations, a new type shaft tubular pumping system was invented, which is composed of a shaft suction box, a tubular pump and a siphon type discharge passage with a vacuum breaker valve as cutoff device. Taking a real pumping station in Yancheng city as an example, the computational fluid dynamics  method  was adopted to analyze the internal flow of the new type model tubular pumping system and predict its energy performances. The time averaged Navier-Storks equations were closed by RNG k-ε turbulent model to adapt internal flow of siphon type discharge passage with larger curvatures. The method of multi-reference frame(MRF) was used to deal with the coupling of rotating impeller and static guide vane, and SIMPLEC algorithm was adopted to achieve the coupling solution of velocity and pressure. Computational results show that the internal flow of the new type shaft tubular pumping system through preliminary optimization is smooth, and the model pumping system efficiency reaches 56.0% when the design head and the relevant discharge are 1.15 m and 0.326 m3/s respectively, and up to 68.8% when the maximum head and the relevant discharge are 1.95 m and 0.296 m3/s respectively.
2011 Vol. 29 (5): 418-422 [Abstract] ( 2297 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 437KB] ( 2114 )
423 Hydraulic excitation exerting on main shaft system of hydraulic turbine generator units
Li Zhaojun, Yang Xujuan, Cai Ganwei, Ren Lizhao
By the finite element methods (FEM),the global coupling dynamic model of the main shaft system of a Francis turbinegenerator unit is established, which includes electromagnetic parameters, structural parameters and fluid parameters .Based on the existence of transverse vibration and torsional vibration of the turbine shaft system, the hydraulic excitation exerting on the main shaft system, which is translated by the blades, is derived. According to the dynamic equations of the main shaft system, the internal relations between the hydraulic excitation and the vibration characteristics of the main shaft system are discovered. The studies show that the hydraulic excitation can be transfered by the turbine blades as middle transform components to exert on the main shaft system, and that the hydraulic excitation is not only related to the complicated pressure fluctuation in turbine runner, but also to the structural parameters and the vibration of the main shaft system, and that the hydraulic excitation and the vibration of the main shaft affect with each other. The fluidsolid coupling vibration of the main shaft system of the Francis turbine generator unit may take place subjected to the hydraulic excitation. An example is presented at last.
2011 Vol. 29 (5): 423-426 [Abstract] ( 2744 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 423KB] ( 1763 )
427 Experiment research on  lubrication properties of laser surface texturing mechanical seal
Ji Jinghu, Fu Yonghong, Wei Long, Hua Xijun, Bi Qinsheng
By using a Q switched light pumped Nd: YAG laser and the laser processing technology called “single pulse at a time, repeated at intervals”, the regular network of micro dimples were textured on one of the seal end face. The tribological properties of laser surface textured mechanical seal as well as untextured mechanical seal were comparatively investigated under different sealed pressure and rotation speed on a computer aided testing device for mechanical seals. Experimental results show that within the experimental limits, the effect of laser surface texturing on improving the lubrication properties of mechanical seals is largely susceptible to the sealed medium pressure, but the influence of rotation speed is relative low. A comparison of the performance of laser surface textured mechanical seal with that of a baseline, untextured mechanical seal, is presented showing that laser surface textured mechanical seal can significantly improve the lubrication properties and the friction torque can be reduced at most 60% under the lower sealed medium pressure(such as 0.2 MPa). However, under the higher medium sealed pressure(such as 0.8 MPa), laser surface textured mechanical seal can improve the lubrication properties only when the rotation speed reached a critical value, and the effect is slightly lesser.
2011 Vol. 29 (5): 427-431 [Abstract] ( 2736 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 513KB] ( 2039 )
432 Heat and mass transfer of heated falling film under gas liquid cross flow condition
Jiang Bin, Wang Ziyun, Fu Xiangzhao, Wang Yong
Based on volume of fluid(VOF) method, heat and mass transfer of heated falling film under gas liquid cross flow condition was investigated. Surface tension and species transport were taken into account. In order to verify reliability of the model, the experiment was performed by non contact infrared thermal imaging technology under gas liquid cross flow condition. Heat and mass transfer of heated falling film under gas liquid cross flow condition was investigated experimentally and theoretically The results show that the simulated dimensionless wall temperature is in good agreement with the  experimental data. Based on the model, the influence of surface tension coefficient, solid liquid contact angle and liquid film flow rate on heat transfer of liquid film was simulated. It is found that, remaining constant of other parameters, liquid film interfacial area decreases from 82.7％ to 73.2％ in corresponding with surface tension coefficient increases from 0.014 N／m to 0.072 N／m, and the liquid film interfacial area decreases from 80.6％ to 69.4％ in corresponding with solidliquid contact angle increases from 30°to 60°. Low liquid film flow rat e makes thin liquid film and is beneficial to evaporation of liquid film. On the contrary, large liquid film flow rate makes thick liquidfilm and lower humidity ratio per unit volume and is harmful to the evaporation of liquid film.
2011 Vol. 29 (5): 432-436 [Abstract] ( 1753 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 540KB] ( 1766 )
437 Design and experiment of deep selfsuction submersible aerator
Chen Bin， Zhang Kewei， Shi Weidong, Wu Gang， Huang Xuejun
In order to improve the deep aeration performance of a self-priming submersible aerator and improve its oxygenation capacity and power efficiency in deep diving, a new prototype was designed and its performance was researched. Based on the structural character and jet principle of submersible aerator, a series of tests with various nozzle shapes, throat pipe length, working pressure and flow rates were conducted under different area ratio value of 2.25,4.00,5.06 and 6.25,respectively. The curve of flow ratio and pressure ratio were obtained and the best performance curve was fitted, by which the basis for the optimal design was identified. Based on flow ratio and the best performance curve, the corresponding pressure ratio and area ratio can be accordingly figured out to determine reasonable working conditions of submersible pump and geometry of aerator. A prototype was designed and tested, and the results showed that the maximum diving depths increased to 10 meters. Under the water pressure of 10 meters, the gas liquid mixing was uniform, the jet was powerful with P =7.5 kW, and inlet air flow rates reaches 122 m3/h. Fine and even bubbles were developed and had longer residence time. The efficiency of the dissolved oxygen and sewage water treatment was improved, while the tank of aerobic treatment may be appropriate deepen.
2011 Vol. 29 (5): 437-440 [Abstract] ( 2514 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 433KB] ( 1750 )
441 Contrast and analysis between 2D and 3D flow field of jet mixing apparatus
Qiu Baijing, Xu Xichao
Aimed at investigating the design method and test method of jetmixing apparatus, numerical simulation and experiment research were both used to investigate the internal flow field of jet mixing apparatus. In the numerical simulation,3D model of jet mixing apparatus were established.With no consideration of the internal flow field in the near suction pipe,2D axisymmetric model was also established, and then numerical simulation scheme for both 2D axisymmetric model and 3D model flow interior field were set up. Numerical investigation for their interior flow field were performed with CFD software Fluent. It is found that compare to 3D model, the 2D axisymmetric model can  save 64％ CPU time for the same case. In the experiment research, mixing test bench was constructed, and performance parameters of jet mixing apparatus were recorded. The experimental data were used to validate the numerical data. Results show that the simulated results and experiment results agree well with each other. The average relative deviation was 4.14％,and maximum relative deviation was 7.41％ for 2D axisymmetric model. The average relative deviation was 3.41％and maximum relative deviation was 5.13％ for 3D model. The established models can be used in engineering calculations.
2011 Vol. 29 (5): 441-445 [Abstract] ( 2013 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 510KB] ( 1878 )
446 A design method for  tapered multioutlet pipeline with nominal diameters
Wu Pute, Zhu Delan, Zhang Lin
The single size multioutlet pipe had some disadvantages, such as big pressure head variation, high cost and difference of velocity from inlet to outlet ofpipe. However, the multiple size multioutlet pipe can solve above problems. A design method for the tapered multioutlet pipeline was proposed. Firstly, a series of optimal diameters were obtained based on Lagrange method and the diameters scopes of multioutlet pipeline were determined. Then, several commercially available pipe sizes that are very close to the diameter obtained in the first stage are selected. By using proposed formula, pipe lengths corresponding to nominal diameters are calculated. The pressure head variation of the pipe with different nominal pipe size can be equal to a desired pressure head variation. The cost of multiplesize pipe is lower than that of single size pipe Because the pipe size decreased with the decrease of pipe discharge, velocity distribution in pipe is uniformity. The cost was lower than that of single size pipe.The design result can be used to engineering operation.
2011 Vol. 29 (5): 446-450 [Abstract] ( 2073 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 416KB] ( 2460 )
451 Greenhouse hot blast heating based on porous pipes
Wang Xinkun, Xu Ying, Gao Shikai, Xia Liping
In order to verify the function of greenhouse hot blast heating testsystem based on porous pipes, the heating process was studied with inlet temperature, inlet pressure and outlet diameter of porous pipes as testing factors. Through thermal insulating porous pipes, measuring the temperature rise in thermal insulated room, the hot blast heating process was tested and analyzed under different testing factors. Measured data was polynomial regressed so as to obtain the mathematic relation between the temperature rise in thermal insulated room and inlet temperature, inlet pressure of porous pipes. The test results indicate that the temperature in thermal insulated room rises about 4 degrees Celsius to 9 degrees Celsius, the relations between temperature rise and inlet temperature, inlet pressure of porous pipes are positive correlation, and the main influencing factor of the temperature rise is inlet pressure rather than inlet temperature. Under the set influencing factors according to mathematic relations determined by testing and analysis, the system is applicable for heating greenhouse in winter.
2011 Vol. 29 (5): 451-454 [Abstract] ( 1957 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 410KB] ( 1800 )
455 Design and experiment for drip irrigation controller powered by single battery
Hong Tiansheng, Feng Ruijue, Li Jianian, Ye Zhijie, Lu Jiana
In order to improve the drip irrigating management efficiency in orchard without access to  electric power,a low cost auto timer drip irrigation controller powered by a single battery has been  developed. The controller is composed of a MSP430F2132 microcontroller,a power boost circuit,a human computer interaction unit,a bi-stable pulse solenoid valve and a driving circuit.The quiescent current of the controller was measured with the input voltage between 0.9 V and 1.8 V,and the result showed that the quiescent current increased as the input voltage decreased,increasing from 20 μA to 46.6 μA.When the controller switched the valve on and off the consumption of current increased as the voltage increased,ranging from 200 mA to 413 mA.At the same time the current of the onvalve state was slightly larger than the off valve state.The testing was done in two phases with the controller programmed to drive the valve on and off alternately at each 5 second standby time in both phases.In the first phase it was powered by a L91 1.5 V lithium battery and the result showed that the minimum battery voltage driving the valve was 0.9 V and a single battery could last for 30 h and drive the valve 11 160 times during the period.In the second phase it was powered by two parallel connected L91 batteries and the tests showed that the controller could drive the valve 16 740 times that is a longer time of 46 hours consecutive hours.Accordingly,it was estimated that a 1.5 V,3 000 mA?h on battery can adequately power the controller for at least 3 years.
2011 Vol. 29 (5): 455-460 [Abstract] ( 3033 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 581KB] ( 2909 )
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