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Journal of Drainage and Irrigation Machinery Engin
 
2011 Vol.29 Issue.3
Published 2011-05-30
article
Article
185 Efficiency degrade law under cavitation conditions of centrifugal pump with inducer
Li Xiaojun,Yuan Shouqi,Liu Wei,Pan Zhongyong
The main factors that cause pump efficiency degradation under cavitation conditions were discussed,which could be mainly associated with a decrease of the head,power and NPSHA.The change of power was discussed in detail that the calculated power could be divided into three parts with the reduction of inlet total pressure.When NPSHA becomes small,a cavity develops along the blade suction side,which reduces the suction ability near the blade leading edge but does not significantly change the pressure distribution along the pressure surface,and therefore reduces the blade loading.The cavities appear to attach to blade and induce a better blade loading at smaller NPSHA,and consequently the power of the pump increases.At severe cavitation conditions,the computed power degrades,which is contributed to the development of cavitating structures and a lower blade loading.The vapor volume distribution on the impeller indicates that the vapor first appears at the suction side of blade and then extends to the outlet of impeller with the reduction of NPSHA,the cavitation phenomenon is more severe at the suction side of blade along the hub than that near the front shroud,which may be the reason of the difference of blade loading at different locations.
2011 Vol. 29 (3): 185-189 [Abstract] ( 1997 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 587KB] ( 1938 )
190
Effect law of axial clearance on stock pump performance
Li Hong,Feng Shifeng,Wang Tao,Zhuang Haifei,Wang Chao
 In order to research the effect of axial clearance on hydraulic performance of a stock pump,3D turbulent numerical simulation was carried out for a semi-open centrifugal stock pump with three kinds of axial clearances by the computational fluid dynamics software Fluent under the conditions of 0.7 to 1.3 times of design flow rate.The simulations were conducted on mediums of clean water and pulp fiber suspensions,respectively,and in which the standard k-ε turbulent model and SIMPLEC algorithm were adopted.The simulation results show that the head and efficiency both decrease with the increasing of clearance when taking clean water as media.The velocity distribution in impeller and clearance is in accordance with that of clean water when taking pulp fiber suspensions as medium.The method of properly increasing the blade outlet angle is proposed to reduce the low-velocity regions,while the latter causes flow distortion at the condition that the volume fraction of pulp fiber suspensions is of 2%.When the rigidity effect is of no more action due to the clearance increases,the overall performance of the pump would be decreased.Due to the impact of axial clearance,the pressure and velocity between the suction side and pressure side of blades are of great variation,and the transmission capacity will increase for a small axial clearance and a certain volume fraction of pulp fiber.Compared with test data,it shows that the semi-open pulp stock pump will work well when tip clearance is 1.0 mm,and the numerical simulated results agree with that of the tested.
2011 Vol. 29 (3): 190-193 [Abstract] ( 1811 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 484KB] ( 1761 )
194 Effects of velocity moment distribution law on design of mixed- flow pump impeller
Zhang Qinzhao,Cao Shuliang,Wang Hong,Bing Hao
 According to the two-dimensional Ωu=0 design theory,a four-order polynomial was proposed to describe the velocity moment distribution along one blade streamline.The distribution was controlled only by one polynomial parameter through further theory analysis.This reduced the depen-dency of design results on design experience.In this way,there produced three types of distributions,which named "S" type,inverse "S" type and "L" type.For different velocity moment distributions,related design results such as blade outlet position and blade wrap angle were compared and analyzed.Then impeller efficiencies and blade surface loadings were compared based on numerical simulation.The results show that the method of applying four-order polynomial to describe the shroud velocity moment is practicable.For given mixed-flow pump impeller meridional flow path,there are part of reasonable "S" type velocity moment distributions satisfying requirements of both blade twist and pump structure design.For these reasonable "S" type distributions,their impeller efficiencies are higher and blade surface loadings are smoother than those of other two types.So the results can be given as a reference for mixed-flow pump impeller designers.
2011 Vol. 29 (3): 194-198 [Abstract] ( 1818 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 417KB] ( 1891 )
199 Numerical simulation of flow noise in axial- flow pump
Wang Hongguang,Xu Xiaolong,Yang Ailing,Wang Fenghua,Tan Yongxue
In order to research the rules and relationship between internal pressure pulsation and flow noise under different conditions,flow field and acoustic field of an axial-flow pump were simulated by computational fluid dynamics software Fluent and acoustic software LMS Virtual Lab numerically,and then both time and frequency domain analysis were applied.Taking the unsteady fluctuating pressure exerted by the fluid on the blade as noise source,BEM was applied to compare the difference of pump casing boundary acoustic field distributions between the condition of acoustic-only and acoustic-vibration coupling.The results show that static pressure pulsation in each checkpoint on impeller blades,guide vane blades and interfaces between rotating blades and the stationary blades show obviously discrete spectrum characteristics in spectrum diagrams,and the blade passing frequency is the dominate contents of both the pressure fluctuations and flow noise data,which manifests that the fluid-structure interaction between the rotating blades and the stationary ones may be the primary disturbance source.The flow noise frequency spectra has obvious peak at the double harmonic frequency and the triple harmonic frequency.Neglecting the pump casing vibration influence,the sound level is too high,while it is closer to practice with considering that influence.Therefore,structure vibration is very important in analyzing the noise radiation level.Noise directionality distribution chart indicates that blade noise radiation has obvious dipole characteristics.
2011 Vol. 29 (3): 199-203 [Abstract] ( 2511 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 444KB] ( 3078 )
204 Numerical simulation of pulp suspension flow in stirred pot
Pan Zhongyong,Li Shuai,Zhang Hua,Shi Weidong
The characteristic of two-phase flow field of the pulp suspension in a stirred pot,which is very important for analyzing the liquid-solid suspension mixer,was numerically studied.The investigation was carried out in a flat bottom,cylindrical vessel.The pulp suspension in the stirred pot was simulated by Fluent.The unstructured grid,multi-reference frame(MRF) and standard k-ε turbulent model were used to simulate the mixing flow under 5 different installation heights.Then the streamlines,the pressure distribution on the surface of the mixer blade,the solid volume fraction and the mixing power in the stirred pot were obtained.According to the velocity streamlines,a bigger vortex was formed in this mixer and the main circulation was well performed.In the mean time,the inverted vertebral region and the vortex region were found by the solid volume fraction profile and the distribution law of the solid volume on the vortex surface.The performance of the mixer was assessed by the mixer power coefficient.According to this assessment,it is known that the mixer designed here has good performance.The results are of importance to the optimization of industrial mixers.
2011 Vol. 29 (3): 204-208 [Abstract] ( 2150 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 473KB] ( 2357 )
209 Numerical calculation of transmission torque of magnetic coupling based on Halbach array
Yuan Danqing,Li Jianping,Zhang He,He Youquan,Bai Bin
In order to improve the transmission torque of magnetic coupling of a magnetic pump,the characteristics and fabrication methods of Halbach array were introduced,and the magnetization law and distribution of the magnetic field of Halbach array were analyzed.Based on the basic principles of using ANSYS to solve the magnetic drive torque problems,the air-gap magnetic field of 24-pole Halbach magnetic coupling was finite element analyzed by ANSYS software.The change of torque of Halbach magnetic couplings with angle deviation,air gaps,thickness of permanent magnets and yoke irons were studied,respectively.The calculation results show that the relationship between drive torque of Halbach and angular deviation is sin-periodic,and the drive torque is maximum when the angular is half of the opening-angle of magnetic pole.In order to improve the drive torque,the air-gap thickness should be minimized so as to meet the requirements of structure.With the increasing of the permanent magnet thickness,there is a great change of the drive torque and the properties of Halbach array were fully reflected when using larger permanent magnet.The drive torque shows a downward trend with increasing of the yoke thickness,but the effect is very small.So in order to reduce the inertia moment and enhance the transmission performance,the yoke structure can be canceled in the design of Halbach magnetic coupling.
2011 Vol. 29 (3): 209-213 [Abstract] ( 2821 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 511KB] ( 2568 )
214 Application of squirrel cage rotor asynchronous magnetic coupling in high temperature resistant magnetic pump
Yang Chaojun,Li Zhiteng,Lu Yugen,Jiang Shengfa,Zheng Wu
In order to design and research the high temperature resistant magnetic pumps,and guarantee their successful starting and steady working,the mechanical properties of the pumps and the squirrel cage rotor asynchronous magnetic couplings were compared and analyzed.According to the basic performance characteristic of pumps,the relationship between their torque and rotation speed was gained.The finite element transient analysis was carried out for the magnetic couplings by Ansoft Maxwell software,then the variation of the torque with the slip ratio was obtained,and the magnetic field and torque situation of starting and working were analyzed.Through integrated analysis of the properties of pumps and the magnetic couplings,the torque and slip ratio of different magnetic pumps under different rotate speeds were achieved,then the best combination of pumps and magnetic couplings were obtained.A prototype of the magnetic pump was manufactured and tested,and the experimental results show that the test torque are close to the theoretical data,so the design of the magnetic pump is optimized,and the theoretical analysis is correctly confirmed by experiments.
2011 Vol. 29 (3): 214-218 [Abstract] ( 2555 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 655KB] ( 2228 )
219 Effects of water surface evaporation on water transfer efficiency for Jiangsu section of South- to- North Water Diversion Project
Qiu Baoyun,Wang Fei,Feng Xiaoli,Huang Haitian,Yang Xingli
In order to know the evaporating capacity of channel and lake reservoir water surface along Jiangsu section of the Eastern Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project(JERP),its power loss of the pumping stations and its influence on water transfer efficiency of JERP,evaporating capacity calculating models and formulae which are suitable for the areas where JERP locates were analyzed and compared.Evaporating capacity of every channel and lake reservoir water surface along JERP was calculated by integral.Both spacial and temporal distribution characteristics of the evaporating capacities of water surfacs were analyzed.The discharge loss and input power loss of every step pumping stations caused by water surface evaporation were calculated.The effect of water surface evaporation on water transfer efficiency of JERP was computed and analyzed.The results show that the evaporating capacities of water surfaces gradually increase from south to north and north- west,and are largest in summer and least in winter.The annual average evaporating capacity of water surfaces amounts to 862.2 mm.The evaporation water volume losses of Hongze Lake,Luoma Lake,Baima Lake and water transfer channels are 77.7%,13.3%,3.6% and 5.4% of the total evaporation water volume loss respectively.17.46% of the water pumped by source pumping stations loses for evaporation,which causes water transfer efficiency of JERP to decrease by 10.33%,and that is a considerable energy loss.Pipelines could be considered for the great water transfer projects which could avoid evaporating capacity of water surface.
2011 Vol. 29 (3): 219-223 [Abstract] ( 2295 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 313KB] ( 2031 )
224 Application of evidence theory for aging degree evaluation in pumping station
Chen Jian,Xu Yanru,Yu Yonghai,Wang Jianming,Zhang Houwen
To increase the credibility of determining the aging degree grade of pumping station,a new pumping station aging degree evaluation model based on evidence theory was built.Taking two typical pumping stations as examples,from which aging information was extracted for each index.According to pumping station aging evaluation standard,three experts were asked to give score separately on each aging degree grade for basic indices of the index system and each score as one piece of evidence after being normalized.According to the Dempster combination rule,pieces of evidence were composited to get credibility allocation of each basic index on framework of recognition as one piece of evidence.Pieces of evidence were composited in accordance with this rule and evidence synthesis formula with weighting factor,credibility allocation on framework of recognition of integrated management,electrical and mechanical equipment,buildings,metal structures and the whole pumping station figured out.Then ultimate score of pumping station aging degree was calculated according to a given formula,and aging degree grade of pumping station was found out in contrast with a given table.Compared with results from model of fuzzy-AHP comprehensive evaluation model,to some index on frame of discernment,the maximum credibility is 2.4 times as much as the maximum fuzzy membership,and both of them correspond to the same aging degree grade,except evidence conflict situation which is difficult to resolve.It showed that application of evidence theory can increase determination of pumping station aging degree grade.Each piece of evidence is necessary to be normalized before evidence combination,which can well solve situation in which the composited credibility is likely to be greater than 1.
2011 Vol. 29 (3): 224-229 [Abstract] ( 2358 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 331KB] ( 1579 )
230 Algorithm of daily operation scheme for parallel pumping stations
Gong Yi,Cheng Jilin,Zhang Rentian,Zhang Lihua
Considering different condition adjustment,two stages decomposition-dynamic programming aggregation method was introduced to solve the mathematical model of daily optimal operation for parallel pumping stations which took the minimal daily electric cost of parallel pumping stations as objective function,the flow or speed of each unit as decision variable.Taking minimal daily electric cost of single pump station as objective function,allocation of water quantity pumped by each station as coordinated variable,this model was decomposed into several first stage sub-model of daily optimal operation for single pump station.Then taking minimal daily electric cost of single pump unit as objective function,allocation of water quantity pumped by each unit as coordinated variable,the first stage sub-model was decomposed into several second stage sub-model of daily optimal operation for single pump unit which takes the blade angle or unit speed as decision variable,the discrete value of water quantity pumped by each unit as state variable,and was solved by means of dynamic programming method.The constructed aggregation model took daily water quantity pumped by each pump unit as decision variable,the discrete value of water quantity pumped by parallel station group as state variable,and was also solved by dynamic programming method.This method could solve the optimal operation issues for parallel pumping stations with various operation modes,time period divisions and daily average heads of each station,and also provide theoretical support for the study on optimal operation of multi-stage pumping stations.Taking No.1,3 Huaiyin pumping station as a study case,a series of optimization calculations were carried out.The results showed that the unit cost of optimal operation under 100%,80%,and 60% loads within all average daily heads had an average energy consumption saving of 10.53%,26.54% and 34.40%,respectively,compared with the operation with fixed blade angle and constant speed.
2011 Vol. 29 (3): 230-235 [Abstract] ( 1866 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 369KB] ( 1935 )
236 Selection of nD value for low head pump system of large pumping station
Liang Jindong,Lu Linguang,Xu Lei,Chen Wei
The influence of reducing nD value on hydraulic performance of a large pump system with low head was discussed from the point of view of pump type selection,energy performance and cavitation performance,and the design idea of reducing nD value for the pump system was put forward.The consistent relationship between reducing nD value and increasing impeller diameter and reducing pump speed was derived according to the affinity law of pumps.If the pump diameter increases by 5% under the condition of a certain design discharge,the pump speed and nD value will decrease by 13.6% and 9.3%,respectively.The effect of reducing nD value on increasing pump system efficiency was analyzed from the point of view of influence of impeller diameter on the conduit hydraulic loss.Based on the relation between nD value and pump head,it was put forward to reduce nD value for selecting the more excellent axial pump hydraulic model under the condition of low head.According to the cavitation affinity law of pumps,the influence of reducing nD value on the cavitation performance of the pump system was analyzed.Meanwhile examination index for the cavitation performance of the pump system and the influence of increasing impeller diameter and reducing pump speed on the conduit control sizes and equipment investment were also discussed.The research results indicate that if the pump diameter increases from 2.9 m to 3.1 m for a pump system with the average head of 4 m and single pump design discharge of 33.5 m3/s the conduit efficiency will increase by 2.9%.If the nD value decreases from 435 to 387.5 under the condition of a certain design discharge,the pump head at the high efficiency zone of the hydraulic model TJ04-ZL-06 will lower from 5 m to 4 m and the pump NPSHR will reduce by 20.6%.It suggests that a lower nD value should be adopted for a large pumping station with low head and long running operation time.
2011 Vol. 29 (3): 236-240 [Abstract] ( 2825 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 394KB] ( 1844 )
241 Calculation method for normal depth of semi- cubic parabolic channels
Zhao Yanfeng,Wang Zhengzhong,Fang Xing,Liu Jiliang,Hong Anyu
 In order to obtain the simple and general explicit formula with high accuracy for computing the normal depth of semi-cubic parabolic channels,formula for direct computation of the normal depth was developed by obtaining initial function using iteration theory and optimization.Mathematical transformation on the basic equation for determining the normal depth of semi-cubic parabolic channel was made by introducing the concept of characteristic depth of cross-section,and the iterative formula with high convergence rate was derived.According to the optimization of the iterative formula in the range of 0.025 to 40 for dimensionless normal depth H,the reasonable initial function was developed.Direct calculation formula for computing the normal depth of semi-cubic parabolic channels was obtained by using the reasonable initial value and iterative formula.Error analysis of the formula was also carried out.The result indicates that the maximum relative error of the formula is less than 0.3% for the most frequently used range of characteristic depth of cross-section.The formula developed in this paper is simple and has high accuracy with wide range of applications,and it can provide simple method for computing the normal depth when the channel section is designed for irrigation and drainage and controlling the water level
2011 Vol. 29 (3): 241-245 [Abstract] ( 3644 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 342KB] ( 3116 )
246 Dynamic analysis and optimization on tower of vertical axis wind turbine structure
Zheng Yuan,Si Jiajun,Huang Jianjun,Zhao Zhenzhou,Ding Yao
In order to avoid the system failure and noise pollution caused by the system resonance in the engineering design,the modal analysis and harmonic response computation analysis have been adopted to obtain the low-order natural frequency and harmonic response data of the tower,as well as the dynamic relation between the wind turbine and tower and the dynamic characteristics of the system.The determination of the modal frequency which plays an important role in affecting the dynamic property of the tower will be carried out for the structure optimizations,and then the dynamic disturbance between the turbine and tower should be analyzed.In result,when the wheel rotates at 160 r/min,the harmonic load has a very serious destructive damage to the tower.In the case of exciting force unchanged of optimizing,first-order natural frequencies is improved,tower column of maximum displacement of natural frequencies of all order significantly reduce.Some optimization works such as increasing the thickness of the tower and enhancing its rigidity have been done which improve the feasibility of the optimization through the dynamic calculation.
2011 Vol. 29 (3): 246-250 [Abstract] ( 1842 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 417KB] ( 1946 )
251 PIV experimental study on air- assisted electrostatic spray
Wang Junfeng,Huang Jiwei,Huang Qiaomei,Wang Zhentao,Zhang Juanjuan
 In order to study the flow characteristics of air-assisted electrostatic spraying,the flow field under the influence of wind speed,charged voltage and space between ventilation pipes and nozzle were measured based on particle image velocimetry(PIV).The images under different parameters were processed by Tecplot software and the flow field was obtained.The results indicated that the entrainment phenomenon is more obvious,entrainment regions extend along the spray axial with the voltage increases when the space between ventilation pipes and nozzle and wind speed is fixed.With the wind speed increases,the influence of the aerodynamic force is more and more obvious and the entrainment regions disappear gradually affected by the air and entrainment regions shrink toward the spray core when the space between ventilation pipes and nozzle as well as the voltage is fixed.Keeping wind speed and the voltage fixed,the entrainment is more serious and entrainment regions move toward spray core with the widen of the space between ventilation pipe and nozzle.
2011 Vol. 29 (3): 251-254 [Abstract] ( 1666 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 546KB] ( 1825 )
255 Numerical simulation and experiment for velocity field in jagged micro- channel
Jin Wen,Zhang Hongyan,He Wenbo
Under Re of 100 and 300 respectively,the flow field distributions in jagged micro-channel with side lengths of 800 μm were investigated by experimental measurement and numerical simulation.Applying micro-PIV technique,the research got the velocity vector distributions and streamline graphs of the flow field.The results show that the flow structures are the same in each gear of the micro-channel.It has high-speed zone and low-speed zone in the flow field of single gear,and the backflow appears in the flat top and corner with a complete vortex in the low-speed zone.A novel numerical method for simulating micro-scale flow field was established mainly by adopting porous medium model,realizable k-ε turbulence model,and single gear geometric model setting.The flow field distributions in the micro-channel are got by simulating and calculating under periodic boundary conditions.The simulation flow fields are consistent with the experimental results.Through the quantified analysis on the specific cross section,it proves that the simulation value and experimental value have a high degree of similarity,and the numerical simulation approach can be used in all the inflow velocity simulation for the complex structured micro-channels with a wider range of Reynolds.
2011 Vol. 29 (3): 255-259 [Abstract] ( 1600 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 630KB] ( 1781 )
260 Characteristics test of wetting body of surge and spring root irrigation
Fei Liangjun,Cao Jun,Nie Weibo
In order to further research the characteristics variation of wetting body in surge and spring root irrigation,the surge spring and root irrigation with different dripper discharge were conducted in undisturbed soil in Jujube demonstration base with mountain micro-irrigation in Mizhi.The results showed that the horizontal diffusion radius,the upward infiltration distance and the downward infiltration depth were in direct proportional to the dripper discharge,and also conformed to power function with infiltration time with related coefficients which are beyond 0.97.Study also proposed a formula which is used to calculate the migration distance of the wetting front.The results showed that the relative errors between predicted value and measured date of the migration distance of the wetting front were lower than 5%.The formula which was used to calculate the average moisture content in surge and spring root irrigation was set up.The results also showed that the relative errors between the predicted values and measured data of the average moisture content after irrigation were lower than 8%.Accor-ding to the actual needs of farmland irrigation,with the assumption that the planned moisture layer in soil equals to the depth of vertical infiltration in surge and spring root irrigation process,the equations were proposed which is used to calculate the horizontal diffusion radius according to the plan wet layer depth,and the equations were validated in field.The results show that the relative error between predicted values of the horizontal diffusion radius and measured ones are lower than 10%.
2011 Vol. 29 (3): 260-265 [Abstract] ( 2249 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 443KB] ( 2149 )
266 Influences of pipe network on energy consumption of variable flow pump
Ge Fenghua,Yu Qiusheng,Hu Zicheng
In the HVAC water systems,pipe network characteristics and impedances have important impacts on pump operation.Running example for the variable flow pump in different pipe network was calculated and analyzed through valve control,unit number control and frequency control.The influences of pipeline types on energy consumption of variable flow pump were discussed.The relationships between pipeline types and hydraulic operation characteristics of the pump,and that between flow control methods and energy consumption for pump operation were taken into account.The results show that pipe network characteristics have a great influence on energy consumption for a variable flow pump.Pump energy can be reduced by adjusting flow rate such as increasing the flow resistance of the pipeline.Under frequency control mode,energy consumption is decreased with increasing static pressure,energy consumption is also greater in closed pipe network than that in opened pipe network.In closed pipe network,pump number control and frequency control are two effective methods to adjust pump energy.The operation conditions do not meet the affinity laws due to the system changing.Within pressure difference control,the worst pressure differences of pipeline become the second adverse one probably.So pressure difference control could cause hydraulic misadjustment for variable end pipeline,the minimum resistance control has greater energy-saving than the constant pressure difference control
2011 Vol. 29 (3): 266-271 [Abstract] ( 1931 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 473KB] ( 2668 )
272 Design and simulation of variable weed spraying controller based on adaptive neural fuzzy inference system
Chen Shuren,Yin Dongfu,Wei Xinhua,Pei Wenchao
To reduce the amount of herbicide,variable herbicide spraying measure was used to control weeds.According to the respectively established relation model between weed size,spraying machine speed and spraying volume,it is found that the main factors that affect variable spraying were weed size and spraying machine speed.In order to obtain the experimental data about the relationship among spraying volume,spraying machine speed and weed size,an indoor variable spraying test rig was designed in which DSP processors were used to obtain weeds size information and encoder was used to obtain mechanical speed information.Combined with the experimental data obtained in the test stand,a double input,single output controller based on adaptive neural fuzzy inference system(ANFIS) was designed.The selection of input and output variables,the membership functions choice and the controller training were studied.The data error was 1.47×10-5 after 30 times training.Speed acquisitions,serial communication,the electromagnetic valve driving hardware structure and fuzzy control software process of the controller were designed.The ANFIS simulation model was established in Matlab.The simulation results show that when the opening time of nozzle is 0.2 s,the spraying machine speed is between 0-1 m/s,the weed size is between 0-100 cm2.The controller can change the spraying amount from 0-4 ml automatically.Compared to the traditional fuzzy control method,the controller is self-adaptable and has a good application prospect.
2011 Vol. 29 (3): 272-276 [Abstract] ( 2010 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 466KB] ( 2033 )
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