|
|
|
| Temporal and spatial variation of grain production water footprint and net virtual water export in Hetao Irrigation District |
| Liu Jing1,2,3, Wu Pute1,2,3,4, Wang Yubao2,3, Zhao Xining2,3,4, Sun Shikun2,3,4, Zhang Xiaohong5 |
| 1.Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; 2.Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; 3.National Engineering Research Center for Water Saving Irrigation at Yangling, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; 4.Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, CAS & MWR, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; 5.The Administration of Hetao Irrigation District of Inner Mongolia, Bayan Nur City, Inner Mongolia 015000, China |
|
|
|
|
Abstract Properly evaluating utilization of water resources in an irrigation district is of great significance for improvement of the existing water resources management; thus two concepts, namely water footprint and virtual water are introduced and their temporal and spatial variations are analyzed in Hetao Irrigation District from 1960 to 2008. The analysis is focused on green and blue water and based on two indexes, such as the ratio of water for grain production to totally consumed water, R1, and the ratio of virtual water for grain export to water for grain production, R2. The results show that the grain water footprint is decreased to 1.63?109 m3 in 2008 from 3.53?109 m3 in 1960, and the net virtual water export demonstrates a decreasing trend in 2000s. Besides, the blue water accounts for 90% of both the grain water footprint and net virtual water export. The grain water footprint and net virtual water export in the central irrigation district(Hanghou, Linhe and Wuyuan)are larger than those in the other areas(Dengkou and Qianqi). Further, R1 is decreased at an averaged rate of 1.07% during the studied period, while R2 is showed a fluctuating rise. The value of R2 is decreased in 2000s, but it still is as high as 76.22% in 2008. In future, water use efficiency of green and blue water should be improved in Hetao Irrigation District. This study can provide a theoretical basis for policy-making in water resources management and sustainable development of an irrigation district.
|
|
Received: 26 February 2013
|
|
|
|
| [1]操信春,吴普特,王玉宝,等. 中国灌区水分生产率及其时空差异分析[J]. 农业工程学报,2012,28(13):1-7. Cao Xinchun, Wu Pute, Wang Yubao, et al. Analysis on temporal and spatial differences of water productivity in irrigation districts in China[J]. Transactions of the CSAE, 2012, 28(13): 1-7.(in Chinese)[2]操信春,吴普特,王玉宝,等.中国灌溉水粮食生产率及其时空变异[J].排灌机械工程学报,2012,30(3):356-361. Cao Xinchun, Wu Pute, Wang Yubao, et al.Sportial and temporal variation of crop water productivity in China[J].Journal of Drainage and Irrigation Machinery Engineering,2012,30(3):356-361.(in Chinese)[3]Liu Jing, Wu Pute, Wang Yubao, et al. Analysis of virtual water flows related to crop transfer and its effects on local water resources in Hetao irrigation district, China, from 1960 to 2008[J]. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 2013, 11(1):682-686.[4]Chapagain A K, Hoekstra A Y. The blue, green and grey water footprint of rice from production and consumption perspectives[J]. Ecological Economics, 2011, 70(4): 749-758.[5]Mekonnen M M, Hoekstra A Y. The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products[J]. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2011, 15(5): 1577-1600.[6]Ercin A E, Mekonnen M M, Hoekstra A Y. Sustai-nability of national consumption from a water resources perspective: The case study for France[J]. Ecological Economics, 2013, 88(2): 133-147.[7]罗红英, 崔远来, 赵树君.西藏青稞灌溉定额的空间分布规律[J]. 农业工程学报, 2013, 29(10): 116-122. Luo Hongying, Cui Yuanlai, Zhao Shujun. Spatial distribution of irrigation water quota of highland barley in Tibet region[J]. Transactions of the CSAE, 2013, 29(10): 116-122.(in Chinese)[8] 燕辉, 胡笑涛, 姚付启.限量灌溉对冬小麦光合与叶绿素荧光的影响[J]. 农业机械学报, 2011, 42(11): 49-54. Yan Hui, Hu Xiaotao, Yao Fuqi. Effects of limited irrigation on photosynthesis and fluorescence of winter wheat[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2011, 42(11): 49-54.(in Chinese)[9]D′Odorico P, Carr J, Laio F, et al. Spatial organization and drivers of the virtual water trade: A community-structure analysis[J]. Environmental Research Letters, 2012, 7(3): 034007.[10]Ma J, Hoekstra A Y, Wang H, et al. Virtual versus real water transfers within China[J]. Phil Trans R Soc B,2006, 361: 835-842.[11]吴普特, 赵西宁, 操信春, 等. 中国“农业北水南调虚拟工程”现状及思考[J]. 农业工程学报, 2010, 26(6):1-6. Wu Pute, Zhao Xining, Cao Xinchun, et al. Status and thoughts of Chinese ″agricultural north-to-south water diversion virtual engineering″[J]. Transactions of the CSAE, 2010, 26(6): 1-6.(in Chinese)[12]Sun S K, Wu Pute, Wang Yubao, et al. Temporal va-riability of water footprint for maize production: The case of Beijing from 1978 to 2008[J]. Water Resources Management, 2013, 27(7): 2447-2463.[13]Fader M, Gerten D, Thammer M, et al. Internal and external green-blue agricultural water footprints of nations, and related water and land savings through trade[J]. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2011, 15(5): 1641-1660. |
|
|
|
