Experiment on through-the-earth communication characteristics of soil information acquisition sensor nodes
YU Xiaoqing1, ZHANG Zenglin2*, CHAI Rui1
1. Data Science and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030051, China; 2. College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
Abstract：With deployment of wireless underground sensor network nodes through-the-earth communication tests on soil information acquisition sensor nodes were designed to reveal general characteristics of electromagnetic wave transmission in soil. The electromagnetic wave transmission characteristics of the sensor nodes were studied based on wheat field experiments and computer simulations by using wireless underground sensor network nodes at 433 MHz carrier frequency under various conditions such as different receiving node heights and variable node horizontal distances between transmitting and receiving nodes. A relationship model between received signal strength and packet loss rate was established, and the transmission characteristics of soil information acquisition sensor nodes in four wheat growth stages were put forward. The experiment demonstrated that when the receiving high varies the goodness of fit R2 of effect of receiving node height on RSSI shows a less variation for eight regression models, namely, the maximum R2 of RSSI is 0.998 and the minimum is 0.837; for PLR, the maximum goodness is 0.998, and the minimum is 0.900. As the node horizontal distance changes, the maximum goodness of fit R2 of effect of node horizontal distance on RSSI is 0.958, and the minimum is 0.847; for PLR the maximum goodness is 0.997, while the minimum is 0.941. The result showed that the transmissive characteristics can better predict the received signal intensity under various conditions of through-the-earth communication. The study has provided a technical support to sensor network node deployment and establishment of soil information acquisition system.
[1]郁晓庆,韩文霆,吴普特,等. 土壤不同频率无线地下传感器网络信号传播特性试验[J]. 农业机械学报, 2015,46(4):252-260,218.
YU Xiaoqing, HAN Wenting, WU Pute, et al. Experiment of propagation characteristics based on different frequency channels of wireless underground sensor net-work in soil[J]. Transactions of the CSAM, 2015,46(4):252-260,218.(in Chinese)
[2]韩文霆,吴普特,郁晓庆,等. 农业环境信息无线传感器网络监测技术研究进展[J]. 农业工程学报, 2011,27(增2):326-330.
HAN Wenting, WU Pute, YU Xiaoqing, et al. Research progress in wireless sensor network for agricultural environment monitoring[J]. Transactions of the CSAE, 2011,27(S2):326-330.(in Chinese)
[3]乔晓军,张馨,王成,等.无线传感器网络在农业中的应用[J].农业工程学报, 2005,21(增2):232-234.
QIAO Xiaojun, ZHANG Xin, WANG Cheng, et al. Application of the wireless sensor networks in agriculture [J]. Transactions of the CSAE, 2005,21(S2):232-234.(in Chinese)
[4]庞娜,程德福. 基于ZigBee无线传感器网络的温室监测系统设计[J].吉林大学学报(信息科学版), 2010,28(1):55-60.
PANG Na, CHENG Defu. Design of greenhouse monitoring system based on ZigBee wireless sensor networks[J]. Journal of Jilin University(information science edition), 2010,28(1):55-60.(in Chinese)
[5]李萍萍,彭玉礼,王纪章.温室青椒中2.4 GHz无线电波传播特性研究[J].农业机械学报,2014,45(2):251-255.
LI Pingping, PENG Yuli, WANG Jizhang. Propagation characteristics of 2.4 GHz radio wave in greenhouse of green peppers[J]. Transactions of the CSAM, 2014,45(2):251-255.(in Chinese)
[6]隋吉东,李天和,史拓,等. 土壤紧实度对电磁波衰减的影响[J].黑龙江八一农垦大学学报,1991,6(1):51-53.
SUI Jidong, LI Tianhe, SHI Tuo, et al. The effect of different soil solidity on the attenuation of electro-magnetic waves[J]. Journal of Heilongjiang August First Land Reclamation University, 1991,6(1):51-53.(in Chinese)
[7]PEPLINSKI N R, ULABY F T, DOBSON M C. Dielectric properties of soils in the 0.3-1.3-GHz range[J]. IEEE transactions on geoscience and remote sensing, 1995,33(3):803-807.
[8]AKYILDIZ I F, STUNTEBECK E P. Wireless underground sensor networks: research challenges[J]. Ad hoc networks, 2006,4(6):669-686.
[9]BOGENA H R, HUISMAN J A, MEIER H, et al. Hybrid wireless underground sensor networks: quantifica-tion of signal attenuation in soil[J]. Vadose zone journal, 2009,8(3):755-761.
[10]SILVA A R, VURAN M C. Communication with aboveground devices in wireless underground sensor networks: an empirical study[C]//Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2010:23-27.
[11]VURAN M C, AKYILDIZ I F. Channel model and analysis for wireless underground sensor networks in soil medium[J]. Physical communication, 2010,3(4):245-254.
[12]LI Li, VURAN M C, AKYILDIZ I F. Characteristics of underground channel for wireless underground sensor networks[C]//Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Mediterranean Ad Hoc Networking Workshop, 2007:92-99.
[13]LOPEZ RIQUELME J A, SOTO F, SUARDIAZ J, et al. Wireless sensor networks for precision horticulture in Southern Spain[J]. Computers and electronics in agriculture, 2009,68(1):25-35.
[14]NDZI D L, KAMARUDIN L M, MOHAMMAD E A A, et al. Vegetation attenuation measurements and modeling in plantations for wireless sensor network planning[J]. Progress in electromagnetics research B, 2012,36(36):283-301.
[15]GREEN O, NADIMI E S, BLANES-VIDAL V, et al. Monitoring and modeling temperature variations inside silage stacks using novel wireless sensor networks[J]. Computers and electronics in agriculture, 2009,69(2):149-157.
[16]ELKMANN N, ALTHOFF H, KUTZNER S, et al. Development of fully automatic inspection systems for large underground concrete pipes partially filled with waste-water[C]//Proceedings of 2007 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2007:130-135.
[17]STUNTEBECK E P, POMPILI D, MELODIA T, et al. Wireless underground sensor networks using commodity terrestrial motes[C]//Proceedings of 2006 2nd IEEE Workshop on Wireless Mesh Networks, 2006:112-114.
[18]YU Xiaoqing, WU Pute, HAN Wenting, et al. A survey on wireless sensor network infrastructure for agriculture[J]. Computer standards and interfaces, 2013,35(1):59-64.
